April 2019 Spanish general election

April 2019 Spanish general election
← 2016 28 April 2019 2019 (Nov) →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 266) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered36,898,883 Green arrow up1.0%
Turnout26,478,140 (71.8%)
Green arrow up5.3 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Albert Rivera
Party PSOE PP Cs
Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 9 July 2006
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 85 seats, 22.6% 135 seats, 32.6%[a] 32 seats, 13.0%[b]
Seats won 123 66 57
Seat change Green arrow up38 Red arrow down69 Green arrow up25
Popular vote 7,513,142 4,373,653 4,155,665
Percentage 28.7% 16.7% 15.9%
Swing Green arrow up6.1 pp Red arrow down15.9 pp Green arrow up2.9 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Pablo Iglesias Santiago Abascal Oriol Junqueras[d]
Party Unidas Podemos[c] Vox ERC–Sobiranistes
Leader since 15 November 2014 20 September 2014 7 March 2019
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Barcelona
Last election 71 seats, 21.2% 0 seats, 0.2% 9 seats, 2.6%
Seats won 42 24 15
Seat change Red arrow down29 Green arrow up24 Green arrow up6
Popular vote 3,751,145 2,688,092 1,024,628
Percentage 14.3% 10.3% 3.9%
Swing Red arrow down6.9 pp Green arrow up10.1 pp Green arrow up1.3 pp
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Prime Minister before election

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE

Prime Minister after election

No government formed
and fresh election called.
Pedro Sánchez remains
acting Prime Minister

The April 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 28 April 2019, to elect the 13th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 266 seats in the Senate.

Following the 2016 election, the People's Party (PP) formed a minority government with confidence and supply support from Ciudadanos (Cs) and Canarian Coalition (CC), which was enabled by the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) abstaining from Mariano Rajoy's investiture after a party crisis resulted in the ousting of Pedro Sánchez as leader. The PP's term of office was undermined by a constitutional crisis over the Catalan issue,[1] the result of a regional election held thereafter,[2] coupled with corruption scandals and protests with thousands of retirees demanding pension increases.[3] In May 2018, the National Court found in the Gürtel case that since 1989 the PP had profited from the kickbacks-for-contracts scheme and confirmed the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure kept separate from the party's official accounts. Sánchez, who was re-elected as PSOE leader in a leadership contest in 2017, brought down Rajoy's government in June 2018 through a motion of no confidence.[4][5][6][7] Rajoy resigned as PP leader and was subsequently succeeded by Pablo Casado.[8][9][10]

Presiding over a minority government of 84 deputies, Pedro Sánchez struggled to maintain a working majority in the Congress with the support of the parties that had backed the no-confidence motion. The 2018 Andalusian regional election which saw a sudden and strong rise of the far-right Vox party resulted in the PSOE losing the regional government for the first time in history to a PP–Cs–Vox alliance. After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019 as a result of Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) siding against the government, Sánchez called a snap election to be held on 28 April, one month ahead of the Super Sunday of local, regional, and European Parliament elections scheduled for 26 May.[11][12] The Valencian regional election was scheduled for 28 April in order for it to take place on the same date as the general election.[13]

On a turnout of 71.8%, the ruling PSOE of Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez won a victory—the first for the party in a nationwide election in eleven years—with 28.7% of the vote and 123 seats, an improvement of 38 seats over its previous mark which mostly came at the expense of left-wing Unidas Podemos. In the Senate, the PSOE became the largest party in the chamber for the first time since 1995, winning its first absolute majority of seats in that chamber since the 1989 election.[14] The PP under Casado received its worst result in history after being reduced to 66 seats and 16.7% of the vote in what was dubbed the worst electoral setback for a major Spanish party since the collapse of the UCD in 1982.[15] Cs saw an increase of support which brought them within 0.8% of the vote and within 9 seats of the PP, passing them in several major regions. The far-right Vox party entered Congress for the first time, but it failed to fulfill expectations by scoring 10.3% of the vote and 24 seats, which was less than was indicated in opinion polls during the run-up to the election. The three-way split in the overall right-of-centre vote not only ended any chance of an Andalusian-inspired right-wing alliance, but it also ensured that Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically form a government.[16][17]

Overview

[edit]

Electoral system

[edit]

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[18][19] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[20][21] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[22][23]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[24][25] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[26]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[27]

Seats Constituencies
37 Madrid(+1)
32 Barcelona(+1)
15 Valencia(–1)
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 Asturias(–1), Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[28][29]

Election date

[edit]

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication.[30] The previous election was held on 26 June 2016, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 26 June 2020. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 2 June 2020, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 26 July 2020.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[31] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

After the 2019 General State Budget was voted down by the Congress of Deputies on 13 February 2019, it was announced that Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez would be calling a snap election for April.[32][33][34] Sánchez confirmed the election date in an institutional statement following a Council of Ministers meeting on 15 February.[35]

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 5 March 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 28 April and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 21 May.[27]

Background

[edit]

The June 2016 general election had resulted in the People's Party (PP) gaining votes and seats relative to its result in the December 2015 election and a round of coalition talks throughout the summer saw Mariano Rajoy obtaining the support of Ciudadanos (C's) and Canarian Coalition (CC) for his investiture, but this was still not enough to assure him re-election. Criticism of Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) leader Pedro Sánchez for his electoral results and his stance opposing Rajoy's investiture, said to be a contributing factor to the country's political deadlock, reached boiling point after poor PSOE showings in the Basque and Galician elections.[36] A party crisis ensued, seeing Sánchez being ousted and a caretaker committee being appointed by party rebels led by Susana Díaz, who subsequently set out to abstain in Rajoy's investiture and allow a PP minority government to be formed, preventing a third election in a row from taking place.[37][38][39][40] Díaz's bid to become new party leader was defeated by party members in a party primary in May 2017, with Sánchez being voted again into office under a campaign aimed at criticising the PSOE's abstention in Rajoy's investiture.

Outgoing prime minister Mariano Rajoy (right) congratulating incoming prime minister Pedro Sánchez (left) upon losing the no confidence vote on 1 June 2018.

Concurrently, the incumbent PP cabinet found itself embroiled in a string of political scandals which had seen the political demise of former Madrid premier Esperanza Aguirre—amid claims of a massive financial corruption plot staged by former protegés—as well as accusations of judicial meddling and political cover-up.[41][42][43][44] This prompted left-wing Unidos Podemos to table a no-confidence motion on Mariano Rajoy in June 2017.[45][46] While the motion was voted down due to a lack of support from other opposition parties, it revealed the parliamentary weakness of Rajoy's government as abstentions and favourable votes combined amounted to 179, to just 170 MPs rejecting it.[47][48]

Pressure on the Spanish government increased after a major constitutional crisis over the issue of an independence referendum unravelled in Catalonia. Initial actions from the Parliament of Catalonia to approve two bills supporting a referendum and a legal framework for an independent Catalan state were suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain. The government's crackdown on referendum preparations—which included police searches, raids and arrests of Catalan government officials as well as an intervention into Catalan finances—sparked public outcry and protests accusing the PP government of "anti-democratic and totalitarian" repression.[49][50][51] The Catalan parliament voted to unilaterally declare independence from Spain,[52] which resulted in the Spanish Senate enforcing Article 155 of the Constitution to remove the regional authorities and impose direct rule.[53][1][54] Carles Puigdemont and part of his cabinet fled to Belgium after being ousted, facing charges of sedition, rebellion and embezzlement.[55][56][57] Rajoy immediately dissolved the Catalan parliament and called a regional election for 21 December 2017,[58] but it left his PP severely mauled as Cs capitalised on anti-independence support in the region.[2]

Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez announcing a snap election for 28 April 2019.

The scale of PP's collapse in Catalonia and the success of Cs had an impact on national politics, with Ciudadanos rising to first place nationally in subsequent opinion polls, endangering PP's stand as the hegemonic party within the Spanish centre-right spectrum.[59][60][61][62] Massive protests by pensioners groups, long regarded as a key component of the PP's electoral base, demanding pension increases,[3] further undermining the PP's standing.

On 24 May 2018, the National Court found that the PP profited from the illegal kickbacks-for-contracts scheme of the Gürtel case, confirming the existence of an illegal accounting and financing structure that had run in parallel with the party's official one since 1989 and ruling that the PP helped establish "a genuine and effective system of institutional corruption through the manipulation of central, autonomous and local public procurement".[4] This event prompted the PSOE to submit a motion of no confidence in Rajoy and in Cs withdrawing its support from the government and demanding the immediate calling of an early election.[5][6] An absolute majority of 180 MPs in the Congress of Deputies voted to oust Mariano Rajoy from power on 1 June 2018, replaced him as prime minister with PSOE's Pedro Sánchez.[7] On 5 June, Rajoy announced his farewell from politics and his return to his position as property registrar in Santa Pola,[8][9][63] vacating his seat in the Congress of Deputies and triggering a leadership contest in which the party's communication vice secretary-general Pablo Casado defeated former deputy prime minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría and became new PP president on 21 July 2018.[64][10]

For most of his government, Sánchez was reliant on confidence and supply support from Unidos Podemos and New Canaries (NCa), negotiating additional support from Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) and Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) on an issue-by-issue basis. ERC, PDeCAT and En Marea withdrew their support from the government in February 2019 by voting down the 2019 General State Budget, with the government losing the vote 191–158; this prompted a snap election to be called for 28 April.[65]

Parliamentary composition

[edit]

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[66][67]

Parties and candidates

[edit]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[71] After the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election and the possibility of a third election being needed, the electoral law was amended in order to introduce a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.[72]

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PP
List
 Pablo Casado Conservatism
Christian democracy 		32.57%[a] 135 127 ☒N [73]
PSOE
List
 Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 22.63% 85 43 checkY
Unidas
Podemos
List
 Pablo Iglesias Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism 		21.15% 71 15[f] ☒N [74]
[75]
Cs
List
 Albert Rivera Liberalism 12.98%[b] 32 0 ☒N
ERC–
Sobiranistes
List
 Oriol Junqueras[d] Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		2.66% 9 10 ☒N [76]
[77]
JxCat–Junts
List
 Jordi Sànchez[d] Catalan independence
Liberalism 		2.01% 8 2 ☒N [79]
[80]
[81]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Aitor Esteban Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy 		1.19% 5 5 ☒N
EH Bildu
List
 Oskar Matute Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism 		0.77% 2 0[h] ☒N
NA+
List
 Sergio Sayas Regionalism
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Liberalism 		0.53%[i] 2 3 ☒N [82]
[83]
[84]
CCa–PNC
List
 Ana Oramas Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism 		0.33% 1 1 ☒N [85]
Vox
List
 Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism 		0.20% 0 0 ☒N
Cambio/
Aldaketa
List
 Ricardo Feliú Basque nationalism Senate 1[h] ☒N [86]
ASG
List
 Yaiza Castilla Insularism
Social democracy 		Senate 1 ☒N
Compromís
List
 Joan Baldoví Valencian nationalism
Eco-socialism
Green politics 		New[j] ☒N [87]
NCa
List
 Pedro Quevedo Canarian nationalism
Social democracy 		New[k] ☒N [88]
PRC
List
 José María Mazón Regionalism
Centrism 		New ☒N

Two opposing coalitions were formed in Navarre at different levels: for the Senate, Geroa Bai, EH Bildu, Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra re-created the Cambio-Aldaketa alliance under which they had already contested the 2015 Spanish general election.[86] Concurrently, UPN, Cs and PP formed the Navarra Suma alliance for both Congress and Senate elections.[89] In Galicia, En Marea, the former Podemos–EU–Anova alliance which had been constituted as a party in 2016, broke away from the creator parties and announced that it would contest the election on its own.[90][91] Podemos, EU and Equo in Galicia formed a regional branch for the Unidas Podemos alliance branded En Común–Unidas Podemos[92] whereas Anova chose to step out from the election race.[93] In the Balearic Islands, an alliance was formed for the Congress election by More for Majorca (Més), More for Menorca (MpM), Now Eivissa (Ara Eivissa) and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), named Veus Progressistes;[94] for the Senate election, the alliance was styled as Unidas Podemos Veus Progressistes and included Podemos and IU.[95]

Timetable

[edit]

The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[96]

  • 4 March: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the Prime Minister after deliberation in the Council of Ministers, ratified by the King.[27]
  • 5 March: Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
  • 8 March: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
  • 15 March: Deadline for parties and federations intending to enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
  • 25 March: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
  • 27 March: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
  • 30 March: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting (extended to 1 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
  • 31 March: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
  • 1 April: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
  • 2 April: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
  • 12 April: Official start of electoral campaigning.[27]
  • 18 April: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
  • 23 April: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
  • 24 April: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes (extended to 25 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
  • 26 April: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division[27] (extended to 28 April by the Central Electoral Commission).
  • 27 April: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
  • 28 April: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.
  • 1 May: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
  • 4 May: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 13 May: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 23 May: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the April 2019 election was set for 21 May).[27]
  • 22 June: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

[edit]

Party slogans

[edit]
Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PP « Valor seguro » "Safe asset" [97]
PSOE « La España que quieres »[l]
« Haz que pase » & « Estamos muy cerca » 		"The Spain you want"
"Make it happen" & "We are so close" 		[98]
[99][100]
Unidas Podemos Main: « La historia la escribes tú »
ECP: « Guanyem per avançar » 		Main: "You write history"
ECP: "Let's win to advance" 		[101]
[102]
Cs « ¡Vamos Ciudadanos! » "Let's go Citizens!" [103]
ERC–Sobiranistes « Va de llibertat » "It's about freedom" [104]
JxCat–Junts « Tu ets la nostra força. Tu ets la nostra veu » "You are our strength. You are our voice" [105]
EAJ/PNV « Nos mueve Euskadi. Zurea, gurea » "The Basque Country moves us. What's yours is ours" [106]
EH Bildu « Erabaki. Para avanzar » "Decide. To make progress" [107]
CCa–PNC « Luchamos por Canarias » "We fight for Canaries" [108]
Vox « Por España » "For Spain" [109]
Compromís « Imparables » "Unstoppable" [110]
NCa « Para defender Canarias. Canarias con futuro » "To defend the Canaries. Canaries with future" [111]
NA+ « Navarra suma contigo » "Navarre sums with you" [112]

Election debates

[edit]
April 2019 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[m]    S  Surrogate[n]    NI  Not invited   A  Absent invitee 
PP PSOE UP Cs ERC JxCat PNV Vox Audience Ref.
17 March laSexta
(El Objetivo)[o] 		Ana Pastor P
Lacalle 		P
Saura 		P
Álvarez 		P
Roldán 		NI NI NI NI 4.5%
(758,000) 		[113]
[114]
8 April El Confidencial[p] Isabel Morillo
Paloma Esteban 		P
Uriarte 		P
M. Montero 		P
I. Montero 		P
Arrimadas 		NI NI NI P
Monasterio 		— [115]
10 April Cuatro
(Todo es Mentira) 		Risto Mejide S
Maroto 		S
M. Montero 		S
Vera 		S
Cantó 		NI NI NI A 6.2%
(735,000) 		[116]
[117]
S
Maroto 		S
M. Montero 		S
Vera 		S
Cantó 		S
Rufián 		S
Cuevillas 		P
Esteban 		A 7.2%
(736,000)
13 April laSexta
(La Sexta Noche)[p] 		Iñaki López P
Uriarte 		P
M. Montero 		P
I. Montero 		P
Arrimadas 		NI NI NI A 9.4%
(1,027,000) 		[118]
[119]
16 April RTVE Xabier Fortes S
A. de Toledo 		S
M. Montero 		S
I. Montero 		S
Arrimadas 		S
Rufián 		NI P
Esteban 		NI 11.8%
(1,794,000) 		[120]
[121]
20 April laSexta
(La Sexta Noche) 		Iñaki López S
Egea 		S
Sicilia 		S
Garzón 		S
Cantó 		S
Rufián 		S
Borràs 		P
Esteban 		NI 9.3%
(997,000) 		[122]
[123]
22 April RTVE Xabier Fortes P
Casado 		P
Sánchez 		P
Iglesias 		P
Rivera 		NI NI NI NI 43.8%
(8,886,000) 		[124]
[125]
23 April Atresmedia Ana Pastor
Vicente Vallés 		P
Casado 		P
Sánchez 		P
Iglesias 		P
Rivera 		NI NI NI NI[q] 48.8%
(9,477,000) 		[127]
[128]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PP PSOE UP Cs Tie None Question?
22 April ElectoPanel/Electomanía[129] 16.0 24.0 24.0 34.0 – 1.0 1.0
SocioMétrica/El Español[130] 18.0 13.0 19.0 27.0 – – 24.0
23 April ElectoPanel/Electomanía[131][132] 18.0 13.0 34.0 33.0 – 2.0 0.0
SocioMétrica/El Español[133] 12.5 14.3 21.3 28.2 – – 23.7
Both NC Report/La Razón[134] 25.7 18.6 25.7 30.0 – – –
CIS[135] 5.6 19.1 34.7 16.6 4.2 14.7 5.1

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the April 2019 Spanish general election
Local regression trend line of poll results from 26 June 2016 to 28 April 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.


Voter turnout

[edit]

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region Time
14:00 18:00 20:00
2016 2019 +/– 2016 2019 +/– 2016 2019 +/–
Andalusia 37.60% 38.94% +1.34 50.25% 57.25% +7.00 68.16% 73.31% +5.15
Aragon 37.88% 44.65% +6.77 50.86% 62.32% +11.46 71.89% 77.62% +5.73
Asturias 34.70% 40.15% +5.45 50.84% 58.67% +7.83 68.19% 73.35% +5.16
Balearic Islands 34.48% 38.10% +3.62 47.05% 54.42% +7.37 62.58% 67.58% +5.00
Basque Country 36.05% 41.75% +5.70 51.36% 60.05% +8.69 67.44% 74.52% +7.08
Canary Islands 28.38% 30.72% +2.34 44.86% 51.00% +6.14 64.37% 68.14% +3.77
Cantabria 39.22% 43.12% +3.90 56.19% 63.65% +7.46 73.37% 78.09% +4.72
Castile and León 37.18% 41.80% +4.62 53.33% 62.00% +8.67 73.34% 78.24% +4.90
Castilla–La Mancha 38.92% 42.71% +3.79 52.44% 62.35% +9.91 72.94% 78.02% +5.08
Catalonia 32.31% 43.52% +11.21 46.38% 64.20% +17.82 65.60% 77.58% +11.98
Extremadura 39.48% 42.87% +3.39 51.40% 60.22% +8.82 70.45% 76.31% +5.86
Galicia 34.07% 36.97% +2.90 51.68% 58.93% +7.25 69.63% 73.97% +4.34
La Rioja 40.94% 44.76% +3.82 55.61% 61.62% +6.01 74.71% 78.11% +3.40
Madrid 39.01% 43.61% +4.60 54.48% 65.11% +10.63 74.26% 79.75% +5.49
Murcia 39.96% 43.41% +3.45 52.89% 61.85% +8.96 71.35% 75.69% +4.34
Navarre 38.03% 43.79% +5.76 51.77% 60.97% +9.20 70.58% 76.29% +5.71
Valencian Community 43.34% 45.87% +2.53 56.51% 61.67% +5.16 74.09% 76.34% +2.25
Ceuta 24.97% 30.47% +5.50 37.51% 48.84% +11.33 52.59% 63.97% +11.38
Melilla 21.82% 28.14% +6.32 34.32% 45.45% +11.13 51.35% 63.05% +11.70
Total 36.87% 41.49% +4.62 51.21% 60.76% +9.55 69.83% 75.75% +5.92
Sources[136]

Results

[edit]

Congress of Deputies

[edit]
For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the April 2019 Spanish general election (Congress).
← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 7,513,142 28.67 +6.04 123 +38
People's Party (PP)1 4,373,653 16.69 –15.88 66 –69
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)1 4,155,665 15.86 +2.88 57 +25
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 3,751,145 14.32 –6.83 42 –29
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)2 2,897,419 11.06 –5.10 33 –21
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 615,665 2.35 –1.20 7 –5
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU–Tides in Common–Equo)3 238,061 0.91 –0.53 2 –3
Vox (Vox) 2,688,092 10.26 +10.06 24 +24
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 1,024,628 3.91 +1.28 15 +6
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 1,020,392 3.89 +1.26 15 +6
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 4,236 0.02 New 0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)4 500,787 1.91 –0.10 7 –1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 395,884 1.51 +0.32 6 +1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 328,299 1.25 +0.06 0 ±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 259,647 0.99 +0.22 4 +2
Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo (Compromís 2019) 173,821 0.66 New 1 +1
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC) 137,664 0.53 +0.20 2 +1
Free People–We Are Alternative–Pirates: Republican Front (Front Republicà) 113,807 0.43 New 0 ±0
Sum Navarre (NA+)5 107,619 0.41 –0.12 2 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 94,433 0.36 +0.17 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 52,266 0.20 New 1 +1
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 47,363 0.18 –0.04 0 ±0
New Canaries (NCa) 36,225 0.14 New 0 ±0
Act (PACT) 30,236 0.12 New 0 ±0
Progressive Voices (Ara–Més–esquerra) 25,191 0.10 New 0 ±0
Yes to the Future (GBai) 22,309 0.09 +0.03 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 21,863 0.08 New 0 ±0
In Tide (En Marea) 17,899 0.07 New 0 ±0
Communists (PCPE–PCPC–PCPA) 17,061 0.07 –0.04 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 14,022 0.05 New 0 ±0
El Pi–Proposal for the Isles (El Pi) 11,692 0.04 New 0 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 11,407 0.04 New 0 ±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 9,130 0.03 +0.02 0 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)6 7,332 0.03 +0.02 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 7,072 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 6,857 0.03 New 0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 4,976 0.02 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 4,495 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 4,473 0.02 –0.01 0 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 3,503 0.01 New 0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP)7 3,037 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Commitment to Galicia (CxG) 2,760 0.01 New 0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 2,663 0.01 New 0 ±0
Convergents (CNV) 2,541 0.01 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2,190 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Extremadurans (CEx–CREx–PREx) 2,150 0.01 New 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR+) 2,098 0.01 New 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,216 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
United Linares Independent Citizens (CILU–Linares) 1,081 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha Astur) 932 0.00 New 0 ±0
Retirees Party for the Future. Dignity and Democracy ("JF") 876 0.00 New 0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 835 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 785 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 646 0.00 –0.04 0 ±0
Feminism8 (F8) 571 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 528 0.00 New 0 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 504 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 490 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centered (centrados) 459 0.00 New 0 ±0
Living Ourense (VOU) 335 0.00 New 0 ±0
Public Defense Organization (ODP) 308 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party–Centre Unity (PDSJE–UdeC) 277 0.00 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 257 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 190 0.00 New 0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 73 0.00 New 0 ±0
Death to the System (+MAS+) 47 0.00 New 0 ±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 28 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 199,836 0.76 +0.02
Total 26,201,371 350 ±0
Valid votes 26,201,371 98.95 –0.12
Invalid votes 276,769 1.05 +0.12
Votes cast / turnout 26,478,140 71.76 +5.28
Abstentions 10,420,743 28.24 –5.28
Registered voters 36,898,883
Sources[137][138]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 28.67%
PP
 
 16.69%
Cs
 
 15.86%
Unidas Podemos
 
 14.32%
Vox
 
 10.26%
ERC–Sob.
 
 3.91%
JxCat–Junts
 
 1.91%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.51%
PACMA
 
 1.25%
EH Bildu
 
 0.99%
Compromís 2019
 
 0.66%
CCa–PNC
 
 0.53%
NA+
 
 0.41%
PRC
 
 0.20%
Others
 
 2.06%
Blank ballots
 
 0.76%
Seats
PSOE
 
 35.14%
PP
 
 18.86%
Cs
 
 16.29%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.00%
Vox
 
 6.86%
ERC–Sob.
 
 4.29%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.00%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.71%
EH Bildu
 
 1.14%
CCa–PNC
 
 0.57%
NA+
 
 0.57%
Compromís 2019
 
 0.29%
PRC
 
 0.29%

Senate

[edit]
← Summary of the 28 April 2019 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 21,058,377 29.33 +5.75 123 +80
People's Party (PP)1 13,757,395 19.16 –14.58 54 –73
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs)1 10,665,627 14.85 +4.34 4 +4
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 9,171,853 12.77 –6.52 0 –15
United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo)2 7,091,581 9.67 –5.21 0 –10
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 1,518,006 2.11 –0.94 0 –4
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU–Tides in Common–Equo)3 562,266 0.74 –0.62 0 –1
Vox (Vox) 5,998,649 8.35 +8.10 0 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,154,967 4.39 +1.43 11 +1
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,144,383 4.38 +1.42 11 +1
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 10,584 0.01 New 0 ±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts)4 1,527,788 2.13 –0.05 2 ±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,322,370 1.84 –0.02 0 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 1,184,641 1.65 +0.29 9 +4
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1 647,201 0.90 ±0.00 1 +1
Commitment: Bloc–Initiative–Greens Equo (Compromís 2019) 574,171 0.80 New 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 337,849 0.47 +0.19 0 ±0
Sum Navarre (NA+)5 325,305 0.45 –0.10 3 ±0
Change (Cambio/Aldaketa)6 288,947 0.40 –0.15 0 –1
Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC) 236,871 0.33 +0.10 0 –1
Free People–We Are Alternative–Pirates: Republican Front (Front Republicà) 179,898 0.25 New 0 ±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 171,943 0.24 –0.04 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 155,748 0.22 New 0 ±0
New Canaries (NCa) 76,857 0.11 New 0 ±0
In Tide (En Marea) 75,846 0.11 New 0 ±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 67,268 0.09 New 0 ±0
Communists (PCPE–PCPC–PCPA) 51,948 0.07 –0.04 0 ±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 40,087 0.06 New 0 ±0
Blank Seats (EB) 30,437 0.04 –0.06 0 ±0
El Pi–Proposal for the Isles (El Pi) 30,129 0.04 New 0 ±0
Humanist Party (PH) 22,028 0.03 +0.02 0 ±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV)7 21,927 0.03 +0.02 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 21,814 0.03 New 0 ±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 21,691 0.03 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 14,524 0.02 +0.01 0 ±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 13,342 0.02 New 0 ±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 10,715 0.01 –0.03 0 ±0
Commitment to Galicia (CxG) 8,655 0.01 New 0 ±0
Riojan Party (PR+) 8,492 0.01 New 0 ±0
Extremadurans (CEx–CREx–PREx) 8,420 0.01 New 0 ±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 8,329 0.01 New 0 ±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP)8 7,233 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
Retirees Party for the Future. Dignity and Democracy ("JF") 5,905 0.01 New 0 ±0
Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) 5,611 0.01 ±0.00 1 ±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha Astur) 5,600 0.01 New 0 ±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 5,410 0.01 New 0 ±0
Convergents (CNV) 4,931 0.01 New 0 ±0
More for Menorca (MxMe) 4,524 0.01 New 0 ±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 4,191 0.01 +0.01 0 ±0
United Linares Independent Citizens (CILU–Linares) 2,582 0.00 New 0 ±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 2,300 0.00 New 0 ±0
Win Fuerteventura (PPMAJO–UP Majorero) 2,275 0.00 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 2,021 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centered (centrados) 1,965 0.00 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,835 0.00 –0.05 0 ±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,673 0.00 –0.01 0 ±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 1,430 0.00 New 0 ±0
Feminism8 (F8) 1,405 0.00 New 0 ±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 1,314 0.00 New 0 ±0
Now Ibiza and Formentera (Ara) 1,302 0.00 New 0 ±0
Life and Autonomy (VIA) 1,231 0.00 New 0 ±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 1,189 0.00 New 0 ±0
Public Defense Organization (ODP) 1,090 0.00 New 0 ±0
Proposal for Ibiza (PxE) 681 0.00 New 0 ±0
United for Lanzarote (UPLanzarote) 456 0.00 New 0 ±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 234 0.00 New 0 ±0
Federation Free Socialist Party (PSLF) 135 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots[r] 439,543 1.71 –0.71
Total 71,800,175 208 ±0
Valid votes 25,637,370 97.42 –0.05
Invalid votes 680,156 2.58 +0.05
Votes cast / turnout 26,317,526 71.32 +5.61
Abstentions 10,581,357 28.68 –5.61
Registered voters 36,898,883
Sources[67][137][138]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 29.33%
PP
 
 19.16%
Cs
 
 14.85%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.77%
Vox
 
 8.35%
ERC–Sob.
 
 4.39%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.13%
PACMA
 
 1.84%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.65%
EH Bildu
 
 0.90%
NA+
 
 0.45%
ASG
 
 0.01%
Others
 
 3.54%
Blank ballots
 
 1.71%
Seats
PSOE
 
 59.13%
PP
 
 25.96%
ERC–Sob.
 
 5.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 4.33%
Cs
 
 1.92%
NA+
 
 1.44%
JxCat–Junts
 
 0.96%
EH Bildu
 
 0.48%
ASG
 
 0.48%

Elected members

[edit]
Main articles: 13th Cortes Generales, 13th Congress of Deputies, and 13th Senate of Spain

Aftermath

[edit]

Outcome

[edit]

The election resulted in a victory for Pedro Sánchez's Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)—its first since the 2008 general election—which swept the country and won in most constituencies and regions. The right-wing bloc of PP–Cs–Vox was only able to garner 42.9% of the vote and 147 Congress seats (149 including the Navarra Suma alliance in Navarre) to the 165 seats and 43.0% vote share garnered by the two major left-wing parties, PSOE and Unidas Podemos. Even though the left-wing bloc was still 11 seats short of a majority, the three-way split on the centre-right ensured Sánchez's PSOE would be the only party that could realistically garner enough support from third parties to command a majority in the lower house.[139] The PSOE also obtained an absolute majority of seats in the Senate for the first time since 1989 as the PP vote collapsed.[140] Having initially been allocated 121 senators, it was awarded two additional senators from PP after the counting of CERA votes, the Census of Absent-Residents, namely one for Zamora and one for Segovia.[141]

Support for the People's Party (PP) plummeted and scored the worst result of its history as well as the worst support for any of the party's incarnations since the People's Alliance results in the 1977 and 1979 elections. The PP was only able to remain the most voted party in five constituencies: Ávila, Lugo, Melilla, Ourense and Salamanca; and it was not able to remain the largest party in any region, including Galicia, where it lost to the PSOE for the first time ever in any kind of election.[142][143] Overall, the party lost 3.6 million votes from 2016, with post-election analysis determining that 1.4 million had been lost to Albert Rivera's Citizens party, 1.6 million to far-right Vox, 400,000 to abstentions and a further 300,000 to PSOE.[144]

Scoring below previous expectations throughout the campaign, Vox's result signalled the first time since Blas Piñar's election as a deputy for the National Union coalition in 1979 that a far-right party had won seats in the Spanish Parliament after the country's return to democracy as well as the first time that a far-right party would be able to form a parliamentary group of its own in the Congress of Deputies.[139][145]

After losing more than a half of their seats, the PP sacked Javier Maroto as their campaign manager. Maroto had also failed to hold his seat from Álava in the election, losing it to EH Bildu and signalling the first time since 1979 that the party had not won a seat in the province.[146] Pablo Casado, the PP leader whose right-wing stance and controversial leadership had been labelled by commentators as a "suicide" in light of election results,[147] refused to resign and instead proposed a sudden U-turn of the party back into the centre under pressure from party regional leaders one month ahead of the regional and local elections[148][149] while also raising a hostile profile to both Cs and Vox, attacking them for dividing the vote to the right-of-centre.[150][151]

Government formation

[edit]
Further information: 2019–2020 Spanish government formation
Investiture
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot → 23 July 2019 25 July 2019
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒N Simple ☒N
Yes
124 / 350
124 / 350
No
170 / 350
155 / 350
Abstentions
52 / 350
67 / 350
Absentees
4 / 350
4 / 350
Sources[152][153]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Results for PP in the 2016 election, not including Navarre.
  2. ^ a b Results for C's in the 2016 election, not including Navarre.
  3. ^ Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común.
  4. ^ a b c At the time of the election, both Oriol Junqueras and Jordi Sànchez were in preventive detention in Soto del Real (Madrid).
  5. ^ Elvira García, former Podemos legislator.[70]
  6. ^ Results for Unidos Podemos in the 2016 election, not including results in Navarre.
  7. ^ CDC was registered as an independent member within the alliance in order to allow its successor party, the PDeCAT, to be guaranteed CDC's public funding and electoral rights for the campaign.[78]
  8. ^ a b Unidas Podemos (1 senator), EH Bildu (0 senators) and GBai (0 senators) joined the Cambio/Aldaketa alliance ahead of the April 2019 Senate election in Navarre.
  9. ^ Results for UPN–PP (0.44%, 2 deputies and 3 senators) and C's in Navarre (0.09%, 0 seats) in the 2016 election.
  10. ^ Compromís (4 deputies and 1 senator) contested the 2016 election within the A la valenciana alliance.
  11. ^ NCa (1 deputy and 1 senator) contested the 2016 election in alliance with the PSOE.
  12. ^ This slogan had been initially conceived for the pre-campaign period, but was later used as a secondary slogan throughout the official electoral campaign.
  13. ^ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  14. ^ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  15. ^ Economic debate.
  16. ^ a b "Women's debate".
  17. ^ Vox's candidate Santiago Abascal had been initially invited, but was excluded after the Central Electoral Commission threatened to suspend the debate on its proposed format, claiming that Vox's presence would breach the proportionality principle under law.[126]
  18. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Catalan crisis: Spain PM Rajoy demands direct rule". BBC News. 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  2. ^ a b Meler, Isaac (22 December 2017). "Total collapse of the PP in Catalonia leaves Rajoy exposed". Catalan News Monitor. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Retirees protest across Spain to demand a pension hike". Associated Press. 17 March 2018.
  4. ^ a b Jones, Sam (24 May 2018). "Court finds Spain's ruling party benefited from bribery scheme". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b Cortizo, Gonzalo (25 May 2018). "El PSOE registra en el Congreso la moción de censura contra Rajoy". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Rajoy, sin margen para seguir". El País (in Spanish). 27 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  7. ^ a b Jones, Sam (1 June 2018). "Mariano Rajoy ousted as Spain's prime minister". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  8. ^ a b "Rajoy se va: "Es lo mejor para mí, para el PP y para España"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 5 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  9. ^ a b "Rajoy dimite como presidente del PP: "Es lo mejor para mí, para el partido y para España"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 5 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Pablo Casado vence en el congreso del PP y consuma el giro a la derecha". El País (in Spanish). 21 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  11. ^ "Los independentistas tumban los Presupuestos y abocan a Sánchez a elecciones". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
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  13. ^ "¿Por qué se han adelantado las elecciones en la Comunidad Valenciana?". ABC (in Spanish). 18 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
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  15. ^ "El PP sufre una derrota histórica, pierde 3,7 millones de votos y Cs se queda cerca del sorpaso". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 28 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  16. ^ "El PSOE gana las elecciones pero necesitará pactar y el PP sufre una debacle histórica". El País (in Spanish). 28 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Spain's socialist PSOE party mulls next move after victory without majority". The Guardian. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  18. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  19. ^ "Sinopsis artículo 66". Constitución española (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 12 September 2020, summarizing Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  20. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. I, art. 2.
  21. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  22. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. VI, art. 75.
  23. ^ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  24. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 68.
  25. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162–164.
  26. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  27. ^ a b c d e f "Real Decreto 129/2019, de 4 de marzo, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (55): 21025–21028. 5 March 2019. ISSN 0212-033X.
  28. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
  29. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. II, ch. III, art. 162 & 165–166.
  30. ^ LOREG (1985), tit. I, ch. V, art. 42.
  31. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.
  32. ^ "Pedro Sánchez anunciará este viernes que las elecciones generales serán el 28 de abril". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 13 February 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
  33. ^ "La ministra de Hacienda da por "seguro" el anuncio de elecciones este viernes". El País (in Spanish). 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  34. ^ "Sánchez anunciará la fecha de las elecciones en una declaración institucional este viernes a las 10.00 horas". Público (in Spanish). 14 February 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
  35. ^ "Pedro Sánchez convoca elecciones generales el 28 de abril". El País (in Spanish). 15 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
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  38. ^ "Pedro Sánchez: Spanish Socialist leader resigns". BBC News. 1 October 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  39. ^ Sierra, Juan Ruiz (1 October 2016). "Sánchez dimite, el PSOE implosiona". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  40. ^ "Spain's Socialists vote to allow Rajoy minority government". BBC News. 23 October 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  41. ^ Casqueiro, Javier (24 April 2017). "Former Madrid PP leader resigns over latest corruption scandal". El País. Madrid. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  42. ^ Águeda, Pedro (25 April 2017). "Las grabaciones a Ignacio González evidencian las maniobras del PP para quitar y poner jueces y fiscales". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  43. ^ "El SMS de Rafael Catalá a Ignacio González en 2016: "Ojalá se cierren pronto los líos"". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. 25 April 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  44. ^ Hernández, Marisol (25 April 2017). "El ministro del Interior revela que Ignacio González le telefoneó y le pidió tomarse un café". El Mundo (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
  45. ^ Torres, Diego (27 April 2017). "Podemos divides opposition with Rajoy no-confidence motion". Politico. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
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Bibliography

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