Citizens (Spanish political party)

Citizens–Party of the Citizenry
Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía
Catalan nameCiutadans–Partit de la Ciutadania
AbbreviationCs
SpokespersonJordi Cañas
FounderAlbert Rivera
Founded7 June 2005 (CC)
9 July 2006 (Cs)
Youth wingGroup of Young Citizens (J's)
Membership (2022)Decrease 7,642[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[9][10][11]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupALDE Group (2014–2019)
Renew Europe (2019–2024)
Colours  Orange[12]
  Dark teal[12]
Congress of Deputies
0 / 350
Senate
0 / 266
European Parliament
0 / 61
Regional Parliaments
0 / 1,248
Local Government
392 / 67,611
Website
www.ciudadanos-cs.org Edit this at Wikidata

Citizens (Spanish: Ciudadanos [θjuðaˈðanos] listenⓘ; Catalan: Ciutadans [siwtəˈðans]; shortened as Cs—C's until January 2017), officially Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía),[13] is a liberal[18] political party in Spain.

Founded in Catalonia in 2006, its political ideology was initially unclear beyond a strong opposition to Catalan independence and Catalan nationalism in general.[19][20][21] Citizens describes itself as postnationalist,[22][23] having used the motto "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" in its early days; however, it has been deemed by journalists and academics as professing a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[24][25][26] The party has also been variously described as conservative-liberal,[27] populist,[28][29] and pro-European.[8]

Citizens initially presented itself as a left-of-centre party that promoted social democratic and progressive liberal positions,[30] but it removed any mention of social democracy from its platform in February 2017,[31] moving closer to the political centre. By 2018, it was judged by commentators to have drifted further away from the left, as its focus shifted to competing against both the People's Party (PP) and Vox as the leading party of the Spanish right.[32][33][34][35] This was concurred by opinion polling and the research institute CIS, who also deemed the party to be right-leaning.[36][37][38]

The party initially enjoyed growing support throughout the 2010s on a regional and national level, owing to its staunch opposition to Catalan independence as well as the PP's decline in popularity under then-Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. Entering the Congress of Deputies in 2015 in fourth place, it became the single largest party in the Parliament of Catalonia in 2017 and entered government in multiple autonomous communities. Citizens reached its electoral zenith at the April 2019 general election, where it became the third-largest party in the country and pulled ahead of the PP in several regions. This popularity did not last long: after refusing to form a coalition with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE),[39] that year's November snap election saw Citizens lose 47 seats and become the country's smallest national party, resulting in leader Albert Rivera's resignation and departure from politics.[40] This proved to be the first of a succession of electoral defeats that would set Citizens on the path to near-complete political collapse, with the party's decline mainly benefitting the PP and Vox.

In 2021, the party failed to pass a no-confidence vote against its own regional government with the PP in Murcia,[41] after which its coalition partner in the Assembly of Madrid triggered a snap election over fears of meeting the same fate — this resulted in Citizens losing all of its Madrilenian seats, having already lost 30 of its 36 seats in Catalonia earlier that year. The following year, the party lost all but one of its seats in the Cortes of Castile and León, as well as all of its seats in the Parliament of Andalusia. The party chose not to contest the 2023 Spanish general election[42] after facing a near-total collapse in that year's regional and local elections;[43] save for a handful of municipalities, 2024 has seen the party lose the last of its electoral representatives in the Catalan and European Parliament elections, receiving less than one percent of the vote in both cases.[44]

History

[edit]

Citizens was preceded by the political platform Ciutadans de Catalunya (Citizens of Catalonia), formed on 7 June 2005 by a group of fifteen academics, writers and other figures of Catalan society (including Albert Boadella, Félix de Azúa, and Francesc de Carreras) in reaction to the Generalitat's plans to reform the Statute of Autonomy. The group presented their manifesto at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona on the 21st of the same month, where they called on "citizens of Catalonia who identify with our proposal to demand a political party which will contribute to the restoration of realism", expressing their lacking confidence in the government to "address the real problems faced by the general public." In this manifesto, they declared that "the rhetoric of hatred promulgated by official Catalan government media against everything Spanish is more alarming than ever" and that "the [Catalan] nation, postulated as an homogenous entity, has taken over the space where an undeniably diverse society lives".[45]

Leading up to their formation as a political party, Ciutadans de Catalunya organised several round table meetings and conferences that were occasionally met with controversy; at one event held ahead of the referendum on the 2006 Catalan Statute of Autonomy, several members of the group were assaulted by pro-independence activists.[46][47] A second manifesto was presented at the Teatro Tívolí in Barcelona on 4 March 2006.[48]

Their founding conference was held in July in Barcelona, where Citizens was formally incorporated as a political party under the full name of Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía (Citizens–Party of the Citizenry): Albert Rivera, 26 years old at the time, was elected its first leader.

In the 2006 elections for the Parliament of Catalonia, Citizens won 3% of the votes and returned three MPs, including Rivera. In the 2010 elections, a similar result was achieved (3.4%, 3 MPs). Mainly as a counterweight to the growing public support for independence in Catalonia, the party grew substantially as one of its most outspoken opponents. In the 2012 snap elections, the number of votes more than doubled (7.6%, 9 MPs). All but one of these seats were in the Province of Barcelona. In the 2015 elections, Citizens more than doubled its votes again (17.9%, 25 MPs), becoming the second largest faction in the Catalan parliament.

In 2013, the party started organising in the rest of Spain with a manifesto called "La conjura de Goya" ("Confederacy of Goya") that took place in the Congress Palace of Madrid. In the 2015 general elections, Cs entered parliament with 13.9% and 40 seats. As PP's Mariano Rajoy refused the mandate to form a government, Citizens promised the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) its support in parliament in exchange for a number of political concessions. However, this pact would have needed the support of Podemos, which Citizens could not abide by; this deadlock ultimately led to the 2016 snap elections, where the party lost 0.8% of the popular vote and eight seats. After these elections, Citizens struck a deal with the conservative PP in supporting its government in exchange for a number of political concessions. After a 10-month political deadlock, PP leader Mariano Rajoy was able to win investiture as Prime Minister and retain power.

In the 2014 European elections, the party received 3.16% of the national vote and elected two MEPs.[49] Both MEPs joined the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE) group. In the 2019 European elections, the party obtained 12% of the vote, and won a total of seven MEPs (which, post-brexit, has become eight MEPs).[50]

The party was accepted into the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party on 4 June 2016.[51]

Rivera resigned as party president on 11 November 2019 after the party lost 80% of its seats in the November 2019 general election. He was succeeded by Inés Arrimadas.[52]

In March 2021, Citizens, together with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, presented a surprise no-confidence motion in the Region of Murcia against their own regional coalition government with the People's Party.[53] The motion failed due to defection of several Ciudadanos deputies, and triggered a "political earthquake" across the country, leading to a number of high-ranking members abandoning the party.[54] In the aftermath, Cs also lost all its 26 deputies in Madrid in the 2021 Madrilenian regional election, and fell in country-wide polls from ≈7% support (≈10 deputies) down to ≈3% (≈1 deputy).

In September 2023, Francisco Igea and Edmundo Bal were expelled from Citizens for criticising the party's decision not to contest the 2023 Spanish general election. Igea did not appeal the decision and did not resign his seat.[55] This left Cs without any seats in Spanish regional parliaments, outside of Catalonia. The party would lose all of its seats in the Parliament of Catalonia in the 2024 election, and all of its seats in the 2024 European Parliament election a month later.[44] After the European Parliament election, the party was left with no members of the Congress of Deputies, Senate, European Parliament, or any regional parliament, but still retained 392 at the municipal level.

Ideology

[edit]

At first, Citizens branded itself as a centre-left party in its statement of principles (ideario). While Rivera refused to locate Citizens on the political spectrum for a time, he later placed Cs in the political centre.[56] Although some observers agreed with the party's ideario by describing Cs as centre-left[57][58][59][60][61][62] and others agree with Rivera's last definition by describing the party as centrist,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69] the vast majority of them have positioned Citizens on the centre-right.[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] In a 2014 interview, Congress spokesman Juan Carlos Girauta explicitly stated that he did not perceive any significant differences between Citizens, the centrist Union, Progress and Democracy and the far-right Spanish nationalist party Vox.[81] Federico Finchelstein identifies Citizens with a light brand of "neo-liberal populism".[82]

Official stance

[edit]

Ideologically, Cs describes itself as a progressive,[83] secular, constitutional, European federalist and postnationalist political party.[23] Ciudadanos rejects the autonomous communities' right to self-determination outside of the Spanish state. As an originally Catalan party, it specifically opposes Catalan nationalism due to viewing it as an outdated, authoritarian and socially divisive ideology which fuels hatred among both Catalans and Spaniards.[19][20][21] Rivera uses the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to describe the party's ideology.

The party opposes separatist movements such as the Catalan independence movement[84][85] and federating the autonomous communities. Even though Citizens is currently a supporter of European federalism,[86] it ran in the 2009 European Parliament election in coalition with the pan-European, Eurosceptic party Libertas.[87] Although reconsidering the current head of state is not a priority for the party, Rivera has said that Citizens is "a republican party which claims that Spanish citizens are who have to decide whether they prefer a once-modernized monarchy or a republic through a referendum in the context of a constitutional reform".[88][89][90]

According to its declared identity signs, Cs advocates four basic lines of action:

  1. Defence of individual rights
  2. Defence of social rights as well as the welfare state
  3. Uphold the State of Autonomies and Europe's unity[clarification needed]
  4. Regeneration of democracy and of political life[clarification needed]

Main tenets

[edit]
Albert Rivera, former president of the party

Cs displays a political discourse mainly centered around opposition to Catalan nationalism,[91] to the extent that it has been frequently criticised for being a single-issue party, a label rejected by its members. In the 2006–2012 period, the number of Cs voters who had voted for centre-right parties in previous elections was similar to the number who had voted for centre-left parties, suggesting that the party's positions on general economic and social issues are not its main draw.[92] Cs criticises any sort of nationalism, "including the Spanish nationalism that Mr. Ynestrillas defends".[93]

One of the main issues raised by the party is the Catalan language policy which actively promotes the use of Catalan language as the sole working language of Catalan public administration.[94][95] The party challenges this policy and defends equal treatment of the Spanish and Catalan languages.[95] It also opposes the current language policy within the Catalan educational system in accordance with which all public schooling is delivered in Catalan. The party also supports strengthening the powers of the Spanish central institutions and curtailing the powers of regional administrations.[96]

Other topics include a thorough reform of the electoral system with the aim of creating greater proportionality that would give less weight to single constituencies. They also support some changes in the 1978 Constitution, especially regarding regional organisation. Regarding the chartered autonomous communities' tax regimes, the party respects and does not want to remove the Basque Country's and Navarre's chartered regimes because it believes that "they aren't discriminatory in and of themselves". However, it criticises what it calls the miscalculation of the quota or contribution which is negotiated between governments and has been causing significant differences that they regard as having become outrageous.[97] It proposes a review and a recalculation of the Basque and Navarrese Economic Agreements[clarification needed] in order to stop the Basque Country and Navarre being "net beneficiaries".[98] Among other policies, they also support legalisation of marijuana, euthanasia, and gestational surrogacy.

Prominent meetings of the party have been reportedly picketed by Catalan separatist groups on several occasions.[99] Its leader Albert Rivera has received anonymous death threats urging him to quit politics. Two members of the ERC Youth were sentenced to prison for it.[100][101][102][103][104] Members of Ciudadanos have repeatedly taken part in violent attacks on Catalan targets[105][106][107][108] and far-right and ultranationalist groups are usually present in their demonstrations.[109][110] In one instance, a Telemadrid cameraman was assaulted, allegedly because he was mistaken for a member of Catalan broadcaster TV3.[111][112][113]

Policies

[edit]
Former Barcelona Citizens Headquarters (2015-2021) in Sant Gervasi – Galvany. From 2015 to 2017 it also served as its Central HQ before its relocation to Madrid.

The Cs outlined some policies for the 2015 general election:

  • Lower corporation tax to 25%[114]
  • Lower and harmonise VAT to a rate between 16% and 19%
  • Cap the top-rate of income tax at 40%
  • Increase research and development spending to 3% of GDP
  • Abolish or merge municipalities with a population of less than 5,000
  • Reduce bureaucracy and red tape
  • More transparent party funding
  • Crack down on corruption
  • Reform or abolish the Senate.[115]
  • Instate an earned income tax credit to fight in-work poverty
  • "Austrian Backpack"[115] transferable unemployment compensation where a worker accumulates funds throughout their career which are accessible upon job loss or retirement
  • Devolve training to the citizens from employers associations and trade unions
  • Ease immigration policies to attract talent and investors
  • Legalize marijuana

Spanish nationalism

[edit]

Although the party defines itself as postnationalist, it has been deemed by a variety of sources (including peer-reviewed expert texts)[24] to profess a populist Spanish nationalist ideology.[25][26] In a party conference held on 20 May 2018 to present its platform España Ciudadana, Rivera said in a hall filled with Spanish flags:

I do not see reds and blues, I see Spaniards. I do not see, as they say, urban people and rural people, I see Spaniards. I do not see young or old, I see Spaniards. I do not see workers and entrepreneurs, I see Spaniards. I do not see believers or agnostics, I see Spaniards. [...] So, compatriots, with Citizens, let's go for that Spain, let's feel proud of being Spaniards again.[116][117]

Controversy

[edit]

Alternative views and past membership

[edit]

In 2006, the newspaper El Periódico de Catalunya revealed that Rivera was a card-carrying member of the conservative People's Party (PP) between 2002 and 2006 and that he had left the PP only three months before running for election for the Citizen's Party. This was corroborated by El Mundo and El País.[118][119] Despite these revelations, Rivera denied having been a full member of PP and implied that he had voted for the PSOE until recently.[120] Past PP membership is common among Cs members. Former PSC activist Juan Carlos Girauta had joined the PP[121] and became a prolific contributor to conservative journalism from his Libertad Digital column[122] before becoming a Citizens member and candidate in the 2014 European election.[123] During his long tenure as Libertad Digital columnist and COPE debater, Girauta expressed strong sympathies for right-wing Zionism (to the point of calling then-President Zapatero an antisemite)[124] and lent credibility [125][126] to the now discredited book by Victor Farías[127] dismissing socialist politician Salvador Allende as a racist and a social Darwinist, without clarifying that the quotations about genetic determinism in Allende's doctoral dissertation were themselves quotations from other authors (mostly Cesare Lombroso) or the fact that Allende was highly critical of these conclusions in his thesis which was later published as a rebuttal to Farías' position.[128] Farías was later sued for this,[129] but Girauta never retracted his statements.

In 2015, a member of the Citizens electoral list for Gijón to the city council and regional elections posted pro-Falangist, pro-Blue Division and pro-Hitler Youth messages on Facebook.[130] Those same elections carried news of at least five other former card-carrying Falange and/or España 2000 members.[131]

An altercation took place in Canet de Mar on 21 Ma, 2018 between pro-independence local residents, who had planted yellow crosses on the beach to honor imprisoned and fugitive politicians; and anti-independence individuals who decided to remove said crosses. The altercation left at least three people wounded, including an 82-year-old man and a local CUP councilor who explicitly accused Citizens and Falange militants from across the whole region to be among the provocateurs. Citizens Member of Parliament Carlos Carrizosa dismissed the claim that either "councillors or party activists" from the party were involved in the incidents.[132][133][134] Four days later and despite admonishments and warnings by President of the Parliament Roger Torrent, Carrizosa himself removed a yellow ribbon from the seats reserved for absent Cabinet ministers, forcing the President to suspend the entire session.[135]

Relations with the media

[edit]

During the 2006 Catalan election campaign, the party's president Albert Rivera appeared completely naked in a poster in order to attract publicity to the party.[136][137] In the beginning, the party frequently complained about an alleged boycott on the part of Catalan media. In their opinion, the party was given too little airtime to present its views on the Catalan public television.[138]

2009 European election internal dispute

[edit]

In 2009, it was announced that Cs would run for the European election allied with the Libertas coalition. The party's association with Declan Ganley's Libertas platform raised some concern on account of the coalition formed by the latter with nationalist and ultranationalist parties in each of its local European chapters, seemingly at odds with the professed ideology of Cs.[139][140][141]

Several intellectuals that had participated in the formation of Ciutadans later withdrew their support. For example, Albert Boadella became one of the co-founders of the Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) party led by former Basque Socialist politician Rosa Díez.

According to some members of Cs, the negotiations prior to this electoral pact were led personally and secretly by the party leader Albert Rivera. This alienated the other two MPs (besides Rivera himself) and a significant part of the party from his leadership.[142] In turn, the official stance of Cs is that the critics are using the dispute as a pretext to canvass support for the ideologically similar UPyD.[143]

Position in the political spectrum

[edit]

On June 24, 2019, the party's economics spokesman, Toni Roldán, announced that he was leaving Citizens and renouncing his seat in the Spanish parliament in protest at the party's drift to the right and its willingness to enter alliances with the far right after regional and municipal elections.[144] Following Roldán's resignation, MEP Javier Nart and the Asturian leader Juan Vázquez stepped down as well, leaving their political offices in the party's committee and the Asturian Parliament, respectively.[145][146]

Some days later, Francesc de Carreras, one of the party's founders, and Francisco de la Torre, MP and economist, also announced that they would leave the party due to its stances against the PSOE and inclination to alliances with the far right.[147][148]

This crisis came after President of France Emmanuel Macron's government sent a warning to Citizens, with which his En Marche! party shares membership of a group in the EU Parliament, over its willingness to work with the far right.[149]

Funding

[edit]

A credit was requested for party funding in 2015 to Banco Popular Español, up to 2017 an IBEX 35 member.[150][clarification needed]

In 2017, the Court of Audit found irregularities in the accounting books of several political groups, Citizens among them. In respect of Citizens, the irregularities included illegal expenses for advertising on local television in 2015.[151][152]

Cs member Jorge Soler appeared in December 2017 on the TV3 debate Preguntes Freqüents, during which journalist Beatriz Talegón [es; ca] addressed him about the 2.1 million euros spent by Cs in the 21-D Catalan election campaign—higher than the budget spent by any other party on that election. Talegón inquired about the sources of this funding. Soler replied that this ample budget could be ascribed to the austerity of their party.[153]

European representation

[edit]

In the Ninth European Parliament, Ciudadanos sat in the Renew Europe group with six MEPs.[154][155][156][157][158][159]

Electoral performance

[edit]

Cortes Generales

[edit]
Cortes Generales
Election Leading candidate Congress Senate Government
Votes % Seats +/– Seats +/–
2008 Albert Rivera 46,313 0.18 (#13)
0 / 350
 0
0 / 208
 0 No seats
2015 3,514,528 13.94 (#4)
40 / 350
 40
0 / 208
 0 Snap election
2016 3,141,570 13.06 (#4)
32 / 350
 8
0 / 208
 0 Opposition
Apr. 2019 4,155,665 15.87 (#3)
57 / 350
 25
4 / 208
 4 Snap election
Nov. 2019 1,650,318 6.80 (#5)
10 / 350
 47
0 / 208
 4 Opposition
2023 Did not contest
0 / 350
 10
0 / 208
 0 No seats

European Parliament

[edit]
European Parliament
Election Leading candidate Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2009 Miguel Durán Within Libertas
0 / 54
 New –
2014 Javier Nart 497,146 3.16 (#8)
2 / 54
 2 ALDE
2019 Luis Garicano 2,731,825 12.18 (#3)
8 / 59
 6 RE
2024 Jordi Cañas 121,031 0.69 (#11)
0 / 61
 8 –

Regional parliaments

[edit]
Region Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
Andalusia 2022 121,567 3.30 (#6)
0 / 109
 21 No seats
Aragon 2023 8,595 1.28 (#9)
0 / 67
 12 No seats
Asturias 2023 4,774 0.92 (#8)
0 / 45
 5 No seats
Balearic Islands 2023 6,035 1.35 (#8)
0 / 59
 5 No seats
Basque Country 2024 Did not contest
0 / 75
 2 No seats
Canary Islands 2023 3,409 0.39 (#12)
0 / 70
 2 No seats
Cantabria 2023 7,527 2.32 (#6)
0 / 35
 3 No seats
Castile and León 2022 54,721 4.50 (#5)
1 / 81
 11 No seats
Castilla–La Mancha 2023 10,885 1.00 (#5)
0 / 33
 4 No seats
Catalonia 2024 22,481 0.72 (#10)
0 / 135
 6 No seats
Ceuta 2023 236 0.69 (#6)
0 / 25
 0 No seats
Extremadura 2023 5,463 0.89 (#6)
0 / 65
 7 No seats
Galicia 2024 Did not contest
0 / 75
 0 No seats
La Rioja 2023 1,473 0.88 (#7)
0 / 33
 4 No seats
Madrid 2023 52,394 1.56 (#6)
0 / 136
 0 No seats
Melilla 2023 Did not contest
0 / 25
 1 No seats
Murcia 2023 10,234 1.53 /#6)
0 / 45
 6 No seats
Navarre 2023 1,209 0.38 (#10)
0 / 50
 3 No seats
Valencian Community 2023 36,146 1.50 (#6)
0 / 99
 18 No seats

Results timeline

[edit]
Year Spain
ES 		European Union
EU 		Andalusia
AN 		Aragon
AR 		Asturias
AS 		Canary Islands
CN 		Cantabria
CB 		Castilla–La Mancha
CM 		Castile and León
CL 		Catalonia
CT 		Ceuta
CE 		Extremadura
EX 		Galicia (Spain)
GL 		Balearic Islands
IB
RI 		Community of Madrid
MD 		Melilla
ML 		Region of Murcia
MC 		Navarre
NC 		Basque Country (autonomous community)
PV 		Valencian Community
CV
2006 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
2007
2008 0.2 0.1
2009 [a]
2010 3.4
2011 N/A 0.2 0.2
2012 N/A 7.6
2013
2014 3.2
2015 13.9 9.2 9.4 7.1 5.9 6.9 8.6 10.3 17.9 6.0 4.4 5.9 10.4 12.2 6.8 12.6 3.0 12.5
2016 13.1 3.4 2.0
2017 25.4
2018 18.3
2019 15.9 12.2    16.7 14.0 7.4 7.9 11.4 14.9 4.5 11.1 9.9 11.5 19.5 5.6 12.0 [b] 17.7
6.8             
2020 0.8 [c]
2021 5.6 3.6
2022 3.3 4.5
2023 N/A 1.3 0.9 0.4 2.3 1.0 0.7 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.6 N/A 1.5 0.4 1.5
2024 0.7 0.7 N/A N/A
Year Spain
ES 		European Union
EU 		Andalusia
AN 		Aragon
AR 		Asturias
AS 		Canary Islands
CN 		Cantabria
CB 		Castilla–La Mancha
CM 		Castile and León
CL 		Catalonia
CT 		Ceuta
CE 		Extremadura
EX 		Galicia (Spain)
GL 		Balearic Islands
IB
RI 		Community of Madrid
MD 		Melilla
ML 		Region of Murcia
MC 		Navarre
NC 		Basque Country (autonomous community)
PV 		Valencian Community
CV

Bold indicates best result to date.
  To be decided
  Present in legislature (in opposition)
  Junior coalition partner
  Senior coalition partner

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Within Libertas–Citizens of Spain.
  2. ^ Within Navarra Suma.
  3. ^ Within PP+Cs.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "'Yo sigo siendo afiliado de Ciudadanos'". 15 October 2023.
  2. ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe". www.parties-and-elections.eu.
  3. ^ "Spaniens Liberale ziehen in den Kampf gegen die Regierung". Die Welt. 12 March 2015 – via www.welt.de.
  4. ^ "La nueva hoja de ruta de Ciudadanos: "enfatizar" la etiqueta "liberal" y desplazar la de "centro"". 12 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Lessons from Ciudadanos: How liberal parties struggle to deal with the radical-right". 5 July 2019.
  6. ^ "Elections in Spain 2019: the progressive majority wins". 5 October 2019.
  7. ^ [2][3][4][5][6]
  8. ^ a b Niall Walsh (2 January 2018). "Catalonia: The rise of Ciudadanos". Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  9. ^ Georgia Mavrodi; Michalis Moutselos (2017). "Is Spain Becoming a Country of Emigration Again? Data Evidence and Public Responses". In Jean-Michel Lafleur; Mikolaj Stanek (eds.). South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis. Springer. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-319-39763-4.
  10. ^ Bonnie N. Field; Caroline Gray (2019). "The Spanish Parliament in Context". In Jorge M. Fernandes; Cristina Leston-Bandeira (eds.). The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-351-06520-7.
  11. ^ Marta Fraile; Enrique Henández (2020). "Determinants of Voting Behaviour". In Diego Muro; Ignacio Lago (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-19-882693-4. Ciudadanos...competes with the PP in the centre-right of the ideological continuum.
  12. ^ a b "Manual de Estilo" (PDF). 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
  13. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Spain". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  14. ^ Barcelona (12 March 2015). "Spaniens Liberale ziehen in den Kampf gegen die Regierung". DIE WELT. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  15. ^ "La nueva hoja de ruta de Ciudadanos: "enfatizar" la etiqueta "liberal" y desplazar la de "centro"". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). 12 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Lessons from Ciudadanos: How liberal parties struggle to deal with the radical-right". EUROPP. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  17. ^ Office, Vera Bartolomé & Amelia Martínez Lobo, RLS Madrid Liaison (5 October 2019). "Elections in Spain 2019: the progressive majority wins – RLS Brüssel". www.rosalux.eu. Retrieved 22 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ [13][14][15][16][17]
  19. ^ a b día, Salamanca RTVE al. "Albert Rivera: "El nacionalismo es una ideología obsoleta"".
  20. ^ a b "Albert Rivera, a los que le llaman facha: "En Cataluña, lo más progresista es facha"". cuatro. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  21. ^ a b "Catalexit?". The Economist. Vol. January 7th-13th. 2017. p. 19.
  22. ^ Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía. "Citizens' Ideario" (PDF). ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2016. Tercera, por el vacío de representación que existía en el espacio electoral de ultra-derecha no nacionalista
  23. ^ a b Diari de Terrassa (9 April 2009). "Javier González: 'Nuestro objetivo es impulsar una tercera vía política en España". ciudadanos-cs.org (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 September 2016. Somos postnacionalistas y no queremos luchar contra un nacionalismo con otro. Vamos sin banderas, casi desnudos, abriendo camino sin fronteras desde la Constitución
  24. ^ a b Anduiza, Eva; Guinjoan, Marc; Rico, Guillem (2018). "Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain". In Giugni, Marco; Grasso, Maria T. (eds.). Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 978-3-319-68960-9.
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Bibliography

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