Prokineticin receptor 2

PROKR2
Identifiers
Aliases	PROKR2, GPR73L1, GPR73b, GPRg2, HH3, KAL3, PKR2, dJ680N4.3, prokineticin receptor 2
External IDs	OMIM: 607123; MGI: 2181363; HomoloGene: 16368; GeneCards: PROKR2; OMA:PROKR2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 20 (human)
End	5,316,954 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 2 (mouse)
End	132,227,367 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	ganglionic eminence; ; ventricular zone; ; prefrontal cortex; ; Brodmann area 9; ; anterior cingulate cortex; ; lymph node; ; right frontal lobe; ; bone marrow; ; hippocampus proper; ; superior frontal gyrus;
	Top expressed in
	Rostral migratory stream; ; lumbar spinal ganglion; ; suprachiasmatic nucleus; ; tail of embryo; ; medial ganglionic eminence; ; olfactory bulb; ; Gonadal ridge; ; thymus; ; Sertoli cell; ; anterior amygdaloid area;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	signal transducer activity; neuropeptide Y receptor activity; pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor activity;
Cellular component	membrane; integral component of membrane; plasma membrane; integral component of plasma membrane;
Biological process	circadian rhythm; signal transduction; neuropeptide signaling pathway; chemical synaptic transmission; feeding behavior; blood circulation; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	128674
	246313
	ENSG00000101292
	ENSMUSG00000050558
	Q8NFJ6
	Q8K458
	NM_144773
	NM_144944
	NP_658986
	NP_659193
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR₂), is a dimeric^[5] G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the PROKR2 gene in humans.^[6]

Function

Prokineticins are secreted proteins that can promote angiogenesis and induce strong gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction. The protein encoded by this gene is an integral membrane protein and G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins. PKR₂ is composed of 384 amino acids. Asparagine residues at position 7 and 27 undergo N-linked glycosylation.^[5] Cysteine residues at position 128 and 208 form a disulfide bond.^[5] The encoded protein is similar in sequence to GPR73, another G protein-coupled receptor for prokineticins.^[6] PKR₂ is also linked to mammalian circadian rhythm.^[7] Levels of PKR₂ mRNA fluctuate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, increasing during the day and decreasing at night.^[7]

Mutations in the PROKR2 (also known as KAL3) gene have been implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and gynecomastia.^[8] Total loss of PKR₂ in mice leads to spontaneous torpor usually beginning at dusk and lasting for 8 hours on average.^[9]

PKR₂ functions as a G protein-coupled receptor, thus it has a signaling cascade when it's ligand binds. PKR₂ is a Gq-coupled protein, so when the ligand binds, beta-type phospholipase C is activated which creates inositol triphosphate. This then triggers calcium release inside the cell.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101292 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050558 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sposini S, Caltabiano G, Hanyaloglu AC, Miele R (January 2015). "Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 399: 362–372. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.024. hdl:10044/1/31246. PMID 25449422. S2CID 13491537.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2".
^ ^a ^b Masumoto KH, Nagano M, Takashima N, Hayasaka N, Hiyama H, Matsumoto S, et al. (June 2006). "Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (11): 2959–2970. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04834.x. PMID 16819985. S2CID 20510543.
^ Narula HS, Carlson HE (November 2014). "Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235. S2CID 40159424.
^ Jethwa PH, I'Anson H, Warner A, Prosser HM, Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJ (June 2008). "Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 294 (6): R1968–R1979. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007. PMC 2735815. PMID 18417646.
^ Martin C, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Au MG, Sidis Y, Kaiser UB, et al. (April 2011). "The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction: evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (2): 225–246. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0007. PMC 3365793. PMID 21037178.

External links

GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Kallmann syndrome
"Prokineticin Receptors: PKR₂". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2008-12-09.

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This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101292 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050558 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[:0-5] Sposini S, Caltabiano G, Hanyaloglu AC, Miele R (January 2015). "Identification of transmembrane domains that regulate spatial arrangements and activity of prokineticin receptor 2 dimers". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 399: 362–372. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.024. hdl:10044/1/31246. PMID 25449422. S2CID 13491537.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: PROKR2 prokineticin receptor 2".

[:1-7] Masumoto KH, Nagano M, Takashima N, Hayasaka N, Hiyama H, Matsumoto S, et al. (June 2006). "Distinct localization of prokineticin 2 and prokineticin receptor 2 mRNAs in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (11): 2959–2970. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04834.x. PMID 16819985. S2CID 20510543.

[NarulaCarlson2014-8] Narula HS, Carlson HE (November 2014). "Gynaecomastia--pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235. S2CID 40159424.

[9] Jethwa PH, I'Anson H, Warner A, Prosser HM, Hastings MH, Maywood ES, Ebling FJ (June 2008). "Loss of prokineticin receptor 2 signaling predisposes mice to torpor". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 294 (6): R1968–R1979. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00778.2007. PMC 2735815. PMID 18417646.

[10] Martin C, Balasubramanian R, Dwyer AA, Au MG, Sidis Y, Kaiser UB, et al. (April 2011). "The role of the prokineticin 2 pathway in human reproduction: evidence from the study of human and murine gene mutations". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (2): 225–246. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0007. PMC 3365793. PMID 21037178.

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Prokineticin receptor 2

Function

See also

References

Further reading

External links