2028 United States Senate elections

2028 United States Senate elections
← 2026 November 7, 2028 2030 →
34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate
51[a] seats needed for a majority
2028 United States Senate election in Alabama2028 United States Senate election in Alaska2028 United States Senate election in Arizona2028 United States Senate election in Arkansas2028 United States Senate election in California2028 United States Senate election in Colorado2028 United States Senate election in Connecticut2028 United States Senate election in Florida2028 United States Senate election in Georgia2028 United States Senate election in Hawaii2028 United States Senate election in Idaho2028 United States Senate election in Illinois2028 United States Senate election in Indiana2028 United States Senate election in Iowa2028 United States Senate election in Kansas2028 United States Senate election in Kentucky2028 United States Senate election in Louisiana2028 United States Senate election in Maryland2028 United States Senate election in Missouri2028 United States Senate election in Nevada2028 United States Senate election in New Hampshire2028 United States Senate election in New York2028 United States Senate election in North Carolina2028 United States Senate election in North Dakota2028 United States Senate election in Ohio2028 United States Senate election in Oklahoma2028 United States Senate election in Oregon2028 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania2028 United States Senate election in South Carolina2028 United States Senate election in South Dakota2028 United States Senate election in Utah2028 United States Senate election in Vermont2028 United States Senate election in Washington2028 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Map of the incumbents:
     Democratic incumbent
     Republican incumbent
     Republican incumbent retiring
     No election      Incumbent TBD
Incumbent Majority Leader

TBD in 2026


The 2028 United States Senate elections will be held on November 7, 2028, with 34 of the 100 seats in the Senate being contested in regular elections, the winners of which will serve 6-year terms in the United States Congress from January 3, 2029, to January 3, 2035. Senators are divided into 3 groups or classes whose terms are staggered so that a different class is elected every 2 years. Class 3 senators were last elected in 2022, and will be up for election again in 2028. These elections will run concurrently with the 2028 United States presidential election.

Partisan composition

[edit]

All 34 Class 3 Senate seats are up for election in 2028; Class 3 currently consists of 19 Republicans and 15 Democrats. If vacancies occur in Class 1 or Class 2 Senate seats, that state might require a special election to take place during the 120th Congress, possibly concurrently with the other 2028 Senate elections.

Change in composition

[edit]

Each block represents one of the one hundred seats in the U.S. Senate. "D#" is a Democratic senator and "R#" is a Republican senator. They are arranged so that the parties are separated and a majority is clear by crossing the middle.

Before the elections

[edit]

Each block indicates an incumbent senator's actions going into the election.

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
D20
Conn.
Undeclared 		D19
Colo.
Undeclared 		D18
Ariz.
Undeclared 		D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11
D21
Calif.
Undeclared 		D22
Ga.
Undeclared 		D23
Hawaii
Undeclared 		D24
Ill.
Undeclared 		D25
Md.
Undeclared 		D26
Nev.
Undeclared 		D27
N.H.
Undeclared 		D28
N.Y.
Undeclared 		D29
Ore.
Undeclared 		D30
Pa.
Undeclared
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		I2 I1 D32
Wash.
Undeclared 		D31
Vt.
Undeclared
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026
Majority →
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026
Ohio 		TBD
in 2026
Florida 		R31
Wisc.
Undeclared
R21
Kans.
Undeclared 		R22
Ky.
Undeclared 		R23
La.
Undeclared 		R24
Mo.
Undeclared 		R25
N.C.
Undeclared 		R26
N.D.
Undeclared 		R27
Okla.
Undeclared 		R28
S.C.
Retiring 		R29
S.D.
Undeclared 		R30
Utah
Undeclared
R20
Iowa
Undeclared 		R19
Ind.
Undeclared 		R18
Idaho
Undeclared 		R17
Ark.
Undeclared 		R16
Alaska
Undeclared 		R15
Ala.
Undeclared 		R14 R13 R12 R11
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10

After the elections

[edit]
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10
TBD
in 2026 		I2 I1 D17 D16 D15 D14 D13 D12 D11
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026
Ariz.
TBD 		Alaska
TBD 		Ala.
TBD 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026
Ark.
TBD 		Calif.
TBD 		Colo.
TBD 		Conn.
TBD 		Fla.
TBD 		Ga.
TBD 		Hawaii
TBD 		Idaho
TBD 		Ill.
TBD 		Ind.
TBD
Majority TBD →
Iowa
TBD
N.C.
TBD 		N.Y.
TBD 		N.H.
TBD 		Nev.
TBD 		Mo.
TBD 		Md.
TBD 		La.
TBD 		Ky.
TBD 		Kans.
TBD
N.D.
TBD 		Ohio
TBD 		Okla.
TBD 		Ore.
TBD 		Pa.
TBD 		S.C.
TBD 		S.D.
TBD 		Utah
TBD 		Vt.
TBD 		Wash.
TBD
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		Wisc.
TBD
TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		TBD
in 2026 		R14 R13 R12 R11
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Key
D# Democratic
R# Republican
I# Independent, caucusing with Democrats

Retirements

[edit]
State Senator Ref

Race summary

[edit]

Elections leading to the next Congress

[edit]

In these general elections, the winners will be elected for the term beginning January 3, 2029.

State
(linked to
summaries below) 		Incumbent Results Candidates
Senator Party Electoral history Last race
Alabama Katie Britt Republican 2022 66.8% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Alaska Lisa Murkowski Republican 2002 (appointed)
2004
2010
2016
2022 		53.7% R[b] Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Arizona Mark Kelly Democratic 2020 (special)
2022 		51.4% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Arkansas John Boozman Republican 2010
2016
2022 		65.7% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
California Alex Padilla Democratic 2021 (appointed)
2022 (special)
2022 		61.1% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Colorado Michael Bennet Democratic 2009 (appointed)
2010
2016
2022 		55.9% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Connecticut Richard Blumenthal Democratic 2010
2016
2022 		57.5% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Florida TBD TBD[c] 2026 (special) TBD[d] Incumbent to be determined in 2026
  • TBD
Georgia Raphael Warnock Democratic 2021 (special)
2022 		51.4% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Hawaii Brian Schatz Democratic 2012 (appointed)
2014 (special)
2016
2022 		71.2% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Idaho Mike Crapo Republican 1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 		60.7% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Illinois Tammy Duckworth Democratic 2016
2022 		56.8% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Indiana Todd Young Republican 2016
2022 		58.6% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Iowa Chuck Grassley Republican 1980
1986
1992
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 		56.1% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Kansas Jerry Moran Republican 2010
2016
2022 		60.0% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Kentucky Rand Paul Republican 2010
2016
2022 		61.8% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Louisiana John Kennedy Republican 2016
2022 		61.6% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Maryland Chris Van Hollen Democratic 2016
2022 		65.8% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Missouri Eric Schmitt Republican 2022 55.4% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Nevada Catherine Cortez Masto Democratic 2016
2022 		48.8% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
New Hampshire Maggie Hassan Democratic 2016
2022 		53.5% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
New York Chuck Schumer Democratic 1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 		56.8% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
North Carolina Ted Budd Republican 2022 50.5% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
North Dakota John Hoeven Republican 2010
2016
2022 		56.4% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Ohio TBD TBD[e] 2026 (special) TBD[f] Incumbent to be determined in 2026
  • TBD
Oklahoma James Lankford Republican 2014 (special)
2016
2022 		64.3% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Oregon Ron Wyden Democratic 1996 (special)
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 		55.8% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Pennsylvania John Fetterman Democratic 2022 51.2% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
South Carolina Tim Scott Republican 2013 (appointed)
2014 (special)
2016
2022 		62.9% R Incumbent retiring
  • TBD
South Dakota John Thune Republican 2004
2010
2016
2022 		69.6% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Utah Mike Lee Republican 2010
2016
2022 		53.2% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Vermont Peter Welch Democratic 2022 68.5% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Washington Patty Murray Democratic 1992
1998
2004
2010
2016
2022 		57.1% D Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD
Wisconsin Ron Johnson Republican 2010
2016
2022 		50.4% R Incumbent's intent unknown
  • TBD

Alabama

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Alabama

One-term Republican Katie Britt was elected in 2022 with 66.8% of the vote.

Alaska

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Alaska

Four-term Republican Lisa Murkowski was re-elected in 2022 with 53.7% of the vote. She has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[1]

Arizona

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Arizona

Democratic incumbent Mark Kelly was elected to a full term in 2022 with 51.4% of the vote, first being elected in a special election in 2020 to complete the remainder of Republican John McCain's term. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[2]

Arkansas

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas

Three-term Republican John Boozman was re-elected in 2022 with 65.7% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[3]

California

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from California

One-term Democrat Alex Padilla was elected to a first full term in 2022 with 61.1% of the vote, having first been appointed in 2021 to complete the remainder of Democrat Kamala Harris's term upon her swearing in as Vice President of the United States.

Colorado

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Colorado

Three-term Democrat Michael Bennet was re-elected in 2022 with 55.9% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[4]

Connecticut

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut

Three-term Democrat Richard Blumenthal was re-elected in 2022 with 57.5% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[5]

Florida

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Florida

Three-term Republican Marco Rubio was re-elected in 2022 with 57.7% of the vote. On November 13, 2024, Rubio was nominated to be Trump's secretary of state.[6] If Rubio is confirmed and then resigns, there will be a special election for this seat at some point in 2026.

Georgia

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Georgia

One-term Democrat Raphael Warnock was elected to a full term in a 2022 runoff with 51.4% of the vote, having first been elected in a special election in a 2021 runoff to complete the remainder of Republican Johnny Isakson's term. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[7]

Hawaii

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Hawaii

Democratic incumbent Brian Schatz was re-elected in 2022 to a second full term with 71.2% of the vote.

Idaho

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Idaho

Five-term Republican Mike Crapo was re-elected in 2022 with 60.7% of the vote.

Illinois

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Illinois

Two-term Democrat Tammy Duckworth was re-elected in 2022 with 56.8% of the vote. She has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[8]

Filmmaker Austin James Mink, has filed paperwork to run in the Democratic Primary.

Indiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Indiana

Two-term Republican Todd Young was re-elected in 2022 with 58.6% of the vote.

Iowa

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Iowa

Eight-term Republican Chuck Grassley was re-elected in 2022 with 56.0% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[9] The most senior member of the Senate, Grassley will be 95 years old at the time of the election.

Kansas

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Kansas

Three-term Republican Jerry Moran was re-elected in 2022 with 60.0% of the vote. He is eligible to run for re-election

Kentucky

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Kentucky

Three-term Republican Rand Paul was re-elected in 2022 with 61.8% of the vote. He is eligible to run for re-election but has not yet stated if he will do so.

Louisiana

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Louisiana

Two-term Republican John Kennedy was re-elected in 2022 with 61.6% of the vote in the first round of the "Louisiana primary".

Maryland

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland

Two-term Democrat Chris Van Hollen was re-elected in 2022 with 65.8% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[10]

Missouri

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Missouri

One-term Republican Eric Schmitt was elected in 2022 with 55.4% of the vote.

Nevada

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Nevada

Two-term Democrat Catherine Cortez Masto was re-elected in 2022 with 48.8% of the vote. She has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[11]

New Hampshire

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from New Hampshire

Two-term Democrat Maggie Hassan was re-elected in 2022 with 53.5% of the vote. She has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[12]

New York

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from New York

Five-term Democrat and Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer was re-elected in 2022 with 56.8% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[13]

Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has been seen as a possible candidate for the election.[14]

North Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina

One-term Republican Ted Budd was elected in 2022 with 50.5% of the vote.

North Dakota

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota

Three-term Republican John Hoeven was re-elected in 2022 with 56.4% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[15]

Ohio

[edit]
Main article: 2028 United States Senate election in Ohio
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio

One-term Republican JD Vance was elected in 2022 with 53% of the vote. He had filed paperwork to run for re-election.[16] However, Vance was nominated as his party's candidate for Vice President in the 2024 presidential election and was elected to the office, meaning he will resign his Senate seat before his term expires; governor Mike DeWine will appoint an interim successor, and a special election will be held in 2026.[17][18]

Names circulated on Vance replacements include 2024 senate candidate and state senator Matt Dolan, Secretary of State Frank LaRose, and 2024 presidential candidate Vivek Ramaswamy.[19][20][21][22]

Oklahoma

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma

Two-term Republican James Lankford was re-elected in 2022 with 64.3% of the vote. On January 29, 2024, the Oklahoma Republican Party censured Lankford for negotiating with Democrats on a potential border deal.[23] In an interview the following month, former president Donald Trump stated that Lankford's actions are "very bad for his career" and did not rule out endorsing a primary challenger in 2028.[24]

Oregon

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Oregon

Five-term Democrat Ron Wyden was re-elected in 2022 with 55.9% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[25]

Pennsylvania

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania

One-term Democrat John Fetterman was elected in 2022 with 51.2% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[26]

South Carolina

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina

Republican incumbent Tim Scott was re-elected in 2022 with 62.9% of the vote. Scott pledged that he would not run for office after his 2022 re-election race;[27] despite this, Scott unsuccessfully ran for the Republican nomination for president in 2024.[28][29][30]

South Dakota

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota

Four-term Republican and Senate Republican Leader John Thune was re-elected in 2022 with 69.6% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[31]

Utah

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Utah

Three-term Republican Mike Lee was re-elected in 2022 with 53.2% of the vote. He has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[32]

Vermont

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont

One-term Democrat Peter Welch was elected in 2022 with 68.5% of the vote.

Washington

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Washington

Six-term Democrat Patty Murray was re-elected in 2022 with 57.1% of the vote. She has filed paperwork to run for re-election.[33]

Wisconsin

[edit]
See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin

Three-term Republican Ron Johnson was re-elected in 2022 with 50.4% of the vote.

Republican businessman Scott Mayer speculated on running for Johnson's seat after passing up running for Wisconsin's other Senate seat in 2024.[34]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Majority control in an evenly divided Senate is determined by the Vice President of the United States, who has the power to break tied votes in their constitutional capacity as President of the Senate; accordingly, Senate control requires 51 seats or 50 seats with control of the vice presidency.
  2. ^ Against fellow Republican
  3. ^ Incumbent Marco Rubio is expected to resign after being appointed Secretary of State. The interim appointee will be appointed by the governor of Florida Ron DeSantis; a special election will take place on November 3, 2026.
  4. ^ Republican Marco Rubio won with 57.7% of the vote in 2022, he is expected to resign after being appointed Secretary of State.
  5. ^ Incumbent JD Vance is expected to resign before January 2025, after being elected Vice President of the United States. The interim appointee will be appointed by the governor of Ohio Mike DeWine; a special election will take place on November 3, 2026.
  6. ^ Republican JD Vance won with 53.0% of the vote in 2022, he is expected to resign before January 2025 after being elected Vice President of the United States.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1672561". Federal Election Commission. December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  2. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1667823". Federal Election Commission. December 8, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  3. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1672553". Federal Election Commission. December 14, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  4. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661889". Federal Election Commission. November 18, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  5. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1662209". Federal Election Commission. November 21, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  6. ^ Beggin, Riley (November 13, 2024). "Trump Expected to Name Marco Rubio as Secretary of State". USA Today. Archived from the original on November 13, 2024. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  7. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1672828". Federal Election Commission. December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  8. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1662679". Federal Election Commission. November 28, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  9. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661660". Federal Election Commission. November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  10. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1662385". Federal Election Commission. November 23, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  11. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1662025". Federal Election Commission. November 18, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  12. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661856". Federal Election Commission. November 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  13. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661663". Federal Election Commission. November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  14. ^ "AOC doesn't want to be mayor of New York City. Most likely, she has bigger plans". independent.co.uk. The Independent. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  15. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661119". Federal Election Commission. November 9, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  16. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1683098". Federal Election Commission. January 31, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Steinhauser, Paul; Gillespie, Brandon (July 15, 2024). "Trump announces Ohio Sen JD Vance as his 2024 running mate". Fox News. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  18. ^ Bradner, Eric; Main, Alison (November 6, 2024). "Trump critic-turned-ally JD Vance elected vice president, offering glimpse at GOP's potential future". CNN. Retrieved November 14, 2024.
  19. ^ Robertson, Nick (July 15, 2024). "What happens to JD Vance's Ohio Senate seat if he becomes VP under Trump?". The Hill. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  20. ^ "What will happen to his Senate seat if Ohio's JD Vance becomes vice president? A look at the rules for naming a successor". wkyc.com. July 15, 2024. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  21. ^ BeMiller, Haley. "Ohio will have open Senate seat in 2025 if JD Vance becomes VP. Who could DeWine appoint?". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  22. ^ "Nikki Haley Endorses Trump in Milwaukee as RNC Caps Second Day". Retrieved September 6, 2024.
  23. ^ Kochi, Sudiksha (January 29, 2024). "Republican senator censured by Oklahoma GOP for negotiating with Democrats on fragile border deal". USA Today.
  24. ^ Fortinsky, Sarah (February 5, 2024). "Trump says border bill 'very bad' for Lankford's career". The Hill. Retrieved July 15, 2024.
  25. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1672375". Federal Election Commission. December 12, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  26. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661811". Federal Election Commission. November 17, 2022. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  27. ^ Byrd, Caitlin (August 9, 2019). "Sen. Tim Scott says his 2022 SC reelection bid will be his last political race". Post and Courier. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  28. ^ Allison, Natalie (May 19, 2023). "Tim Scott files paperwork to run for president". POLITICO. Retrieved May 19, 2023.
  29. ^ Vakil, Caroline (November 12, 2023). "Tim Scott suspends 2024 GOP primary bid". The Hill. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
  30. ^ Holmes, Kristen; Atwood, Kylie; Zanona, Melanie; Sullivan, Kate (January 20, 2024). "Sen. Tim Scott endorses Trump in New Hampshire amid full-court press against Haley". CNN. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  31. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661932". Federal Election Commission. November 18, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  32. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1661629". Federal Election Commission. November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  33. ^ "FEC Report 2 for FEC-1662924". Federal Election Commission. November 29, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  34. ^ "Mayer passing on U.S. Senate bid, wants to avoid 'bloody primary' with Hovde". WisPolitics. March 20, 2024. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
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