List of former sovereign states

A historical sovereign state is a state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, countries, nations, or empires that ceased to exist as political entities sometime after 1453, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.^{[note 1]}

The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either:

• had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or
• have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.

This is not a list for all variant governments of a state, nor is it a list of variations of countries' official long form name. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

• List of Copper Age states
• List of Bronze Age states
• List of Iron Age states
• List of Classical Age states
• List of states during Late Antiquity
• List of states during the Middle Ages

This article appears to contradict the article List of pre-modern states. Please discuss at the talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved. (June 2013)

• Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465)
• Wattasid dynasty (1472–1549)
• Saadi Sultanate (1510–1649)
• Republic of Salé (1627–1668)
• 'Alawi dynasty (1631–1912)
• Republic of the Rif (1921–1926)

• Makuria (5th century–1518)
• Alodia (6th century–1504)
• Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
• Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861)
• Egypt Eyalet (1517–1867)
• Kingdom of Fazughli (c. 1500–1685)
• Sultanate of Sennar (1504–1821)
• Sultanate of Darfur (1603–1874/1898–1916)
• Mahdist State (1885–1899)
• Tripolitanian Republic (1918–1922)
• Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949–1951)
• United Arab Republic (1958–1971)

• Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
• Hafsid Emirate of Béjaïa (1285–1510)
• Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1556)
• Kingdom of Kuku (1515–1638)
• Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510–1871)
• Sultanate of Tuggurt (1414–1871)
• Regency of Algiers (1516–1830)
• Emirate of Abdelkader (1832–1847)

• Ali Soilih Regime (1976–1978)
• State of Anjouan (1997–2002), (2007–2008)

• Kingdom of Antankarana – made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895
• Kingdom of Antongil (1773–1786)
• Kingdom of Boina (c. 1690–1840)
• Kingdom of Menabe (c. 1685–1834)
• Kingdom of Imerina (1540–1897)
• Kingdom of Tamatave (1712–1828)
• Kingdom of Tanibe (1822–1828)

• Bornu Empire (c. 1380–1893)
• Shilluk Kingdom (15th century–1861)
• Wadai Empire (1501–1912)
• Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522–1897)

• Medri Bahri (c. 1137–1879)
• Welayta Kingdom (c.1251–1896)
• Hadiya Sultanate (13th century–15th century)
• Ajuran Sultanate (13th/14th century–17th century)
• Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974)
• Ennarea (14th century–c. 1710)
• Kingdom of Kaffa (c. 1390–1897)
• Adal Sultanate (1415–1559)
• Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th century–1894)
• Majeerteen Sultanate (15th/16th century–1927)
• Imamate of Aussa (1577–1734)
• Emirate of Harar (1647–1887)
• Sultanate of the Geledi (1695–1911)
• Aussa Sultanate (1734–1936)
• Isaaq Sultanate (1750–1884)
• Habr Yunis Sultanate (c. 1769–1907)
• Kingdom of Gumma (c. 1770–1902)
• Kingdom of Gomma (c. 1780–1886)
• Kingdom of Jimma (1790–1932)
• Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801–1891)
• Kingdom of Gera (1835–1887)
• Sultanate of Hobyo (1878–1927)
• State of Somaliland (1960)

• Emirate of Trarza (1640–1902)
• Emirate of Tagant^{[citation needed]}
• Emirate of Brakna^{[citation needed]}
• Mali Empire (c. 1230–1672)
• Bamana Empire (1712–1861)
• Khasso (17th century–19th century)
• Sultanate of Agadez (1449–1900)
• Songhai Empire (c. 1340–1591)
• Mossi States
  • Gurunsi (c. 1870–1899)
  • Gwiriko Kingdom (1714–1897)
  • Liptako (1718–1897, fully disestablished 1963)
  • Tenkodogo (c. 1120–1897)
  • Wogodogo (1182?–1897)
  • Yatenga (?–1895)
  • Bilanga
  • Bilayanga
  • Bongandini
  • Con
  • Macakoali
  • Piela
  • Nungu (1204–1895)
• Zabarma Emirate (1860–1897)
• Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903)
• Sultanate of Damagaram (1731–1851)
• Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490–1776)
• Imamate of Futa Toro (1725–1861)
• Jolof Empire (1350–1549)
• Kingdom of Jolof (1549–1875)
• Kingdom of Sine (c. 1520–1867, fully disestablished 1969)
• Kingdom of Saloum (1494–1864, fully disestablished 1969)
• Kingdom of Baol (1555–1895)
• Kingdom of Cayor (1549–1879)
• Kingdom of Waalo (1287–1855)
• Bundu (1690–1858)
• Kaabu (1537–1867)
• Solimana (1600s-1869)
• Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725–1912)
• Toucouleur Empire (1861–1890)
• Wassoulou Empire (1878–1898)
• Kong Empire (1710–1898)
• Kingdom of Dagbon (c. 1250–1899?)
• Ashanti Empire (1670/1701–1902, still exists as a region)
• Bonoman (11th century–20th century)
• Gyaaman (c. 1450–1895)
• Denkyira (c. 1500–1701)
• Mankessim Kingdom (1252–1844)
• Fante Confederacy (16th century–1873)
• Kingdom of Whydah (c. 1580–1727)
• Kingdom of Dahomey (c. 1600–1904)
• Oyo Empire (c. 1300–1896)
• Kingdom of Benin (1180–1897)
• Kingdom of Nri (10th century?–1911)
• Aro Confederacy (1690–1902)
• Kwararafa (c. 1500 – c. 1840)
• Thomas Sankara's Burkina Faso government (1984–1987)
• People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979–1984)
• Republic of Maryland (1854–1857)
• Republic of Dahomey (1958–1975)
• Republic of Benin (September 19, 1967 – September 20, 1967)
• Biafra (1967–1970)

• Buganda (14th century–1894, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Bunyoro (13th century–1897, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Ankole (1478–1901, fully disestablished 1967)
• Toro Kingdom (1830–1876, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Busoga (?–1906, still exists as traditional kingdom)
• Kingdom of Rwanda (11th century–1885, fully disestablished 1962)
• Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1890/1962–1966)
• Kingdom of Karagwe (1450–1963) ^{[citation needed]}

• Pate Sultanate (1203–1870)
• Malindi Kingdom (9th century–15th century)
• Mombasa Sultanate (1502–1887, fully disestablished 1963)
• Witu Sultanate (c. 1810–1905/1923)
• Kilwa Sultanate (957–1513)
• Kingdom of Maravi (c. 1480–1891)
• Sultanate of Zanzibar (pre–1503/4, 1856–1890, 1963–1964)
• People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964)
• Tanganyika (1961–1964)

• Kingdom of Loango (c. 1550 – c. 1883)
• Yaka Kingdom (17th century–18th century)
• Anziku Kingdom (?–19th century)
• Kingdom of Kongo (1390–1914)
• Kuba Kingdom (1625–1884)
• Kingdom of Luba (1585–1889)
• Kingdom of Lunda (c. 1600–1887)
• Yeke Kingdom (1856–1891)
• Kingdom of Ndongo (16th century–1671)
• Kasanje Kingdom (1620–1910)
• Kingdom of Matamba (1631–1744)
• Mbunda Kingdom (1700–1914)
• Chokwe Kingdom^{[citation needed]}
• Kazembe Kingdom (c. 1740–1894)
• International Association of the Congo (1879–1885)
• Congo Free State (1885–1908)
• Republic of Zaire (1971–1997)

• Kingdom of Barotseland (19th century)
• Kingdom of Mutapa (1430–1760)
• Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220–1450)
• Kingdom of Butua (1450–c. 1683)
• Rozvi Empire (1660–1889)
• Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823–1894)
• Ndebele Kingdom
• Gaza Empire (1824–1895)
• Mthethwa Empire (c. 1780–1817)
• Gciriku (1780–1894)
• Swellendam (1795)
• Graaff-Reinet (1795–1796)
• Zulu Kingdom (1816–1897)
• South African Republic (Transvaal) (1852–1877, 1881–1902)
• Orange Free State (1854–1902)
• Griqualand East (1862–1874)
• Nieuwe Republiek (1884–1888)
• Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
• State of Goshen (1882–1883)
• Republic of Stellaland (1882–1885)
• United States of Stellaland (1883–1885)
• Republic of Upingtonia (1885–1887)
• Union of South Africa (1910–1961)
• Bophuthatswana (1977–1994)
• Ciskei (1981–1994)
• Transkei (1976–1994)
• Venda (1979–1994)
•  Rhodesia (1965–1979)
•  Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
• Natal (1843–1910)

• Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680)
• Kart dynasty (1244–1381)
• Moghulistan (1347-1462)
• Uzbek Khanate (1428–1471)
• Nogai Horde (1440–1634)
• Kazakh Khanate (1465–1848)
• Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785)
• Yarkent Khanate (1514-1705)
• Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755)
• Khanate of Kokand (1709–1868)
• Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873)
• Alash Autonomy (1917–1918)
• Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918)
• Khanate of Khiva (1511–1920)
• Confederated Republic of Altai (1918–1920)
• Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
• Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920–1925)
•  First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934)
•  Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1949)

• Kingdom of Bumthang (7th century-17th century)
• Kingdom of Tungning (1661-1683)
• Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924)
• Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912–1949; continued existence on Taiwan since 1949)
• People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933–1934)
• Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)
• Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (Wang Jingwei Regime) (1940–1945)
• Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)
• East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935–1938)
• Republic of Formosa (1895)
• Great Han Sichuan Military Government (1911–1912)
• Guangzhou Commune (1927)
• Hunan Soviet (1927)
• Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927)
• Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
• Jaxa (1665–1674)
• Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet (1931–1934)
• Jiangxi Soviet (1931–1937)
• Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929–1931)
• Manchukuo (1932–1945)
• Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939–1945)
• Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Southern Ming (1644–1662)
• Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
• Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879)
• Shanghai Great Way Government (1937–1938)
• Shun dynasty (1644–1646)
• Soviet Zone of China (1927–1949)
• Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864)
• Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644–1720)
• Tibet (1912–1951)
• Tibetan states (900–1240, 1300–1620)
• Tibetan People's Republic (1936)
• Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
• Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
• Uryankhay Republic (1911–1914)
• Uryankhay Krai (1914)
• Xi dynasty (1643–1647)
• Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) and the Northern Yuan (1368–1635)

• Allied Occupied Japan (1945–1952)
• Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573)
• Azuchi–Momoyama (1568–1600)
• Empire of Japan (1868–1947)
• Republic of Ezo (1869)
• Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1868)

• Joseon (1392–1897)
• Korean Empire (1897–1910)
• People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946)
• Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947)
• People's Committee of North Korea
• Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1945)
• First Republic of Korea (1948–1960)
• Second Republic of Korea (1960–1961)
• Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961–1963)
• Third Republic of Korea (1963–1972)
• Fourth Republic of Korea (1972–1981)
• Fifth Republic of Korea (1981–1988)

• Hotak dynasty (1709–1738)
• Durrani Empire (1747–1826)
• Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)
• Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)
•  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004-2021)

• Khanate of Kalat (1666–1736, 1747–1749, 1758–1955)
• Durrani Empire (1749–1758)

• Beylik of Candar (1292–1461)
• Alaiye (1293–1471)
• Beylik of Bafra (14th century–1460)
• Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
• Beylik of Alaiye (1293–1471)
• Beylik of Karaman (1250–1487)
• Beylik of Dulkadir (1337–1522)
• Ramadanid Emirate (1352–1608)
• Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501)
• Kara Koyunlu (1374–1468)
• Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232–1524)
• Kars Republic (1918–1919)
• Ottoman Empire (c. 1299–1923)

• Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)
• Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983)

• Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922–1924)
• All-Palestine Government (1948–1967)
• Arab Federation (1958)

• Baduspanids (665–1598)
• Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370s–1592)
• Marashiyan dynasty (1359–1596)
• Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504)
• Mihrabanid dynasty (1236–1537)
• Iran-u-Turan (Timurid) (1370–1507)
• The Expansive Realm of Iran (Safavid dynasty) (1501–1736)
• Guarded Domains of Iran (Afsharid dynasty) (1736–1796)
• Guarded Domains of Iran (Zand dynasty) (1751–1794)
• Sublime State of Persia/Iran (1794–1925)
• Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918–1919)
• Persian Socialist Soviet Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920–1921)
• Imperial State of Persia/Iran (1925–1979)
• Azerbaijan People's Government (1945–1946)
• Republic of Mahabad (1946)

• Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
• United Arab Republic (1958–1971)
• Free Lebanon State (1979–1984)
• Islamic State (2014–2017)
• Syrian Arab Republic (1971–2024)

• Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613–1961)
• Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796)
• Emirate of Diriyah (1744–1812)
• Emirate of Nejd (1812–1891)
• Muscat and Oman (1820–1970)
• Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921)
• Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913)
• Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934)
• Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1920)
• Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921)
• Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1925)
• Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925)
• Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926–1932)
• Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1970)
• People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967–1990)
• Yemen Arab Republic (1962–1990)
• Fadhli Sultanate (15th century–1888)
• Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858–1888)
• Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800–1903)
• Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800–1895)
• Emirate of Beihan (1680–1872)
• Emirate of Dhala (15th century–1904)
• Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (1640–1888)
• Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (1640–1895)
• Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th century–1888)
• Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432–1886)
• Sultanate of Lahej (1728–1839)
• Federation of South Arabia (1962–1967)
• Republic of Kuwait (1990)

• Garhwal Kingdom (823–1949)
• Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CE–1949)
• Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
• Sur Empire (1540–1556)
• Laur Kingdom (600–1565)
• Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
• Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)
• Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1948)
• Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490–1686)
• Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489–1700s)
• Bengal Subah (1717–1757)^{[note 2]}
• Maratha Confederacy (1674–1820)
• Jaintia Kingdom (500–1835)
• Sikh Empire (1799–1849)
• Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
• Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945)
• Hyderabad State (1724–1798)
• Travancore (1729–1949)
• Udaipur State (734–1818)
• Manikya dynasty (1400–1761)
• United Suvadive Republic (1959–1963)
• Sultanate of Maldives (1117–1796), (1954–1968)
• Sikkim (1642–1975)

• • Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863)
• Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
• In Laos:
  • Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893)
  • Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828)
  • Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904)
  • Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
  • Lao Issara (1945–1946)
• In Vietnam:
  • Champa kingdom (192–1832)
  • Đại Việt (968–1407/1428–1804)
  • Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet (1930–1931)
  • Empire of Vietnam (1945)
  • Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945–1976)
  • Republic of Cochinchina (1946–1949)
  • Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949)
  • State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949–1955)
  • Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955–1975)
  • Republic of South Vietnam (1975–1976)

  • 

  • 

• In Myanmar (Burma):
  • Mon kingdoms (9th–11th, 13th–16th, 18th centuries)
  • Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1552)
  • Ava (1364–1555)
  • Pegu (1287–1539, 1747–1757)
  • Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785)
  • Taungoo dynasty (1486–1752, 2nd Empire)
  • Konbaung dynasty (1752–1885, 3rd Empire)
  • Shan States (1287–1557)
  • Arakan (1287–1784)
  • State of Burma (1943–1945)
• In Thailand:
  • Langkasuka (2nd–15th century)
  • Sultanate of Singora (1605–1680)
  • Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350–1767)
  • Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
  • Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th century–1782)
  • Lan Na (1292–1775)
  • Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1782–1894)
  • Pattani kingdom (1516–1902)
  • Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808–1916)
  • Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932)
• In Indonesia:
  • Republic of Indonesia (1945–1949)^{[note 3]}
  • United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
    • State of East Indonesia (1946–1950)
    • State of East Java (1948–1950)
    • State of East Sumatra (1947–1950)
    • State of Madura (1948–1950)
    • State of Pasundan (1948–1950)
    • State of South Sumatra (1948–1950)
    • Great Dayak (1946–1950)
    • West Kalimantan (1946–1950)
• In Sumatra:
  • Sultanate of Aceh (1496–1903)
  • Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura
  • Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823)
  • Sultanate of Deli (1609–1862, fully disestablished 1956)
  • Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946)
  • Jambi Sultanate (1615-1904)
  • Sultanate of Serdang (1723–1946)
• In Java:
  • Majapahit (1293–1527)
  • Sultanate of Mataram (1588–1681)
  • Sultanate of Banten (1527–1813)
  • Sultanate of Cirebon (1445–1677)
  • Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548)
  • Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586)
• In Lesser Sunda Islands
  • Bali Kingdoms (914–1908)
  • Bima Sultanate (1620–1669, fully disestablished 1958)
  • Kingdom of Larantuka (1515–1904)
• In Sulawesi:
  • Kingdom of Banggai (? – 1907)
  • Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1911, fully disestablished 1945)
  • Sultanate of Bone (14th century – 1905)
  • Kingdom of Wajoq (c. 1400–1906, fully disestablished 1957)
• In Maluku:
  • Sultanate of Ternate (1257–1914)
• In Borneo:
  • Bruneian Empire (1368–1888)
  • Sambas Sultanate (1609–1819, fully disestablished 1956)
  • Pontianak Sultanate (1771–1779)
  • Kingdom of Sarawak (1841–1888)
  • Berau Sultanate^{[citation needed]}
  • Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–c. 1880, fully disestablished 1964)
  • Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura (399–1635)
  • Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara (1300–1844)
  • Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860)
  • Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)
• In Riau Islands:
  • Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824–1911)
• In Malaysia:
  • Sultanate of Malacca (1400–1511)
  • Johor Sultanate (1528–1855)
  • Pahang Sultanate (1470–1623)
  • Pahang Kingdom (1770–1881)
  • Malayan Union (1946–1948)
  • Federation of Malaya (1957–1963)
• In the Philippines
  • Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500–1888)
  • Sultanate of Sulu (1405–1915)
  • Republic of Negros (1898–1899)
  • Cantonal Government of Negros (1898–1901)
  • Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897)
  • Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897)
  • First Philippine Republic (1899–1902)
  • Tagalog Republic (1902–1906)
  • Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945)

In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary

• Icelandic Commonwealth (c. 930–1262)
• Kingdom of Finland (1742–1743)
• Kingdom of Finland (1918–1919)
• Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918–1919)
• United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814–1905)
• Kingdom of Norway (1814)
• Denmark–Norway (1524–1814, intermittent)
• Kalmar Union (1397–1523, intermittent)
• Schleswig (1058–1864)

• Kingdom of France (843–1792) (1814/15–1848)
  • Duchy of Brittany (939–1532)
  • Duchy of Burgundy (918–1482)
• French Empire (1804-1814/15) (1852–1870)
  • First French Empire (1804–1814/15)
  • Second French Empire (1852–1870)
• Duchy of Normandy (911–1259/1469)
• Duchy of Lorraine (959–1766)
• Viscounty of Béarn (9th century–1620)
  • Free City of Danzig (1807–1814)
  • Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815)
  • Territory of the Saar Basin (1920–1935)
• Vichy France (1940–1944)
  • Saar Protectorate (1946–1956)
• Kingdom of Corsica (1736)
• Corsican Republic (1755–1769)
• Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794–1796)
• County of Foix (1010–1607)
• Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848–1849)

• Holy Roman Empire (843–1806)
• Confederation of the Rhine (1806–1813)
• Duchy of Anhalt (1806–1918)
• Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806–1918)
• Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810–1813)
• German Confederation (1815–1866)
• German Empire (1848–1849)
• North German Federation (1867–1871)
• German Empire (1871–1918)
  •  West Berlin (1948–1990), Western Bloc-aligned political enclave.
  • German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) (also known as East Germany or GDR), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990.
• Alsace Soviet Republic (1918)
• Baden (Grand Duchy – 1806–1871)
• Kingdom of Bavaria (1806–1871)
  • Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)
• Bremen (1815–1871)
• Brunswick (1815–1871)
• Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815–1866)
• Hamburg (1189–1871)
• Kingdom of Hanover (1814–1866)
• Hesse-Homburg (1815–1866)
• Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803–1807, 1813–1866)
• Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623–1850)
• Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623–1850)
• Holstein (1815–1864)
• Lippe (1123–1871)
• Lübeck (Free city 1226–1871)
• Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815–1871)
• Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815–1871)
• Nassau (1806–1866)
• Oldenburg (1815–1871)
• Pomerania (1121–1637)
• Prussia (1525–1871)
  • Duchy of Prussia (1525–1618)
  • Brandenburg-Prussia (1618–1701)
  • Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1871)
• Reuss (1010–1806)
• Saxe-Altenburg (1602–1871)
• Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735–1826)
• Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826–1871)
• Saxe-Gotha (1640–1680)
• Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680–1826)
• Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296–1871)
• Saxe-Meiningen (1680–1871)
• Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809–1871)
• Saxony (kingdom) – 1806–1871)
• Schaumburg-Lippe (1647–1871)
• Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599–1871)
• Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599–1871)
• Waldeck (1180–1871)
• Württemberg (kingdom) – 1806–1871)

• Free State of Bottleneck (1919–1923)

• Archduchy of Austria (1453–1804, 1867–1918)
• County of Tyrol (1140–1919)
• Duchy of Styria (1180–1918)
• Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg (1328–1803)
• Republic of German-Austria (1918–1919)
• Austrian Empire (1804–1867)

• Old Swiss Confederacy (1300–1798)
• Helvetic Republic (1798–1803)
• Rhodanic Republic (1802–1810)

• Republic of Crema (1797)
• Republic of Alba (1796)
• Republic of Ancona (c. 1000–1532)
• Republic of Florence (1115–1569)
• Kingdom of Naples (1282–1816)
• Duchy of Urbino (1443–1625)
• Anconine Republic (1797–1798)
• Judicate of Arborea (9th century–1420)
• Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807)
• United Provinces of Central Italy (1859–1860)
• Cisalpine Republic (1797–1802)
• Cispadane Republic (1796–1797)
• Republic of Cospaia (1440–1826)
• Principality of Elba (Elba) (1814–1815)
• Kingdom of Etruria (1801–1807)
• Marquisate of Finale (967–1602)
• Regency of Carnaro (1919–1920)
• Gozitan Nation (1798–1801)
• Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802–1805)
• Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805–1814)
• Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (1815–1866)
• Duchy of Lucca (1815–1847)
• Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805–1814)
• Republic of Lucca (1160–1805)
• Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530–1798)
• Duchy of Mantua (1273–1707)
• Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1473–1829)
• Duchy of Milan (1395–1797)
• Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
• Duchy of Modena (1452–1796, 1815–1859)
• Kingdom of Naples (1285–1816)
• Republic of Noli (1192–1797)
• Duchy of Parma (1545–1859)
• Papal States (752–1870)
• Republic of Pisa (c. 1000–1406)
• Roman Republic (19th century) (1849)
• Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)
• Republic of San Marco (1848–1849)
• Republic of Senarica (1343–1797)
• Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1816)
• Kingdom of Sicily (1848)
• Transpadane Republic (1796–1797)
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1801, 1815–1859)
• Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1860)
• Republic of Venice (697–1797)
• Republic of Genoa (1095–1797)
  • Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)
  • Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941–1943)
• Kingdom of Tavolara (1836–1934)
• Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)
• Republic of Rose Island (1968–1969)

• Kingdom of Gwynedd (450–1216)
• Kingdom of Powys (5th century–1160)
• Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707)
• Kingdom of England (927–1707)
• Angevin Empire (1154–1214)
• Principality of Wales (1216–1536)
• Commonwealth of England (1649–1653) and (1659–1660)
• The Protectorate (1653–1659)
• Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
• United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)

• Kingdom of Leinster (7th century BC–1603)
• Osraige (150–1541)
• Airgíalla (331–1585)
• Uí Maine (c. 357–1611)
• Ailech (450–1617)
• Tyrconnell (5th century–1607)
• Tír Eoghain (5th century–1607)
• Fermanagh (10th century–1607)
• Magh Luirg (c. 956–1585)
• Thomond (1118–1543)
• Kingdom of Desmond (1118–1596)
• Lordship of Ireland (1171–1542)
• Clandeboye (1283–1605)
• Kingdom of Uí Failghe (Unknown–1550)
• Kingdom of Connacht
• Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1801)
• Irish Catholic Confederation (1641–1649)
• Republic of Connacht (1798)
• Irish soviets (1919–1922)
  • Limerick Soviet (1919)
•  Irish Free State (1922–1937)

• Prince-Bishopric of Liège (972–1795) annexed by France in 1795.
• Duchy of Brabant (1183–1794)
• Duchy of Bouillon (1456? – 1794)
• United Belgian States (1789–1790)
• Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/Provinciën) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by France 1795.
• Batavian Republic (1795–1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state.
• Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, annexed by France 1810.
• Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813–1815)
• United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1839)

• Duchy of Pomerania (1121–1160, 1264–1295, 1478–1531, 1625–1637)
  • Demmin Principality (1160–1264)
  • Szczecin Principality (1160–1264, 1295–1523)
• Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast (1295–1478)
• Duchy of Masovia (1138–1275, 1294–1310, 1370–1381, 1495–1526)
• Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (1368–1478)
• Duchy of Pomerania-Neustettin (1368–1390)
• Duchy of Kraków (1227–1320)
• Principality of Halych (1110–1339)
• Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia (1199–1349)
• Duchy of Bytom (1281–1498)
• Duchy of Silesia (1138–1335)
• Duchy of Opole (1172–1202, 1281–1532)
• Duchy of Racibórz (1172–1202, 1281–1521)
• Duchy of Opole and Racibórz (1202–1281, 1521–1532, 1551–1556)
• Duchy of Inowrocław (1267–1364)
• Duchy of Teschen (1281–1918)
• Duchy of Poland (966–1025, 1031–1076, 1079–1138, 1138–1227)
• Kingdom of Poland (1025–1031, 1076–1079, 1295–1296, 1300–1320)
• United Kingdom of Poland (1320–1386)
• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)
  • Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1386–1795)
  • Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236–1795)
  • Royal Prussia (1466–1569)
  • Duchy of Prussia (1525–1657)
  • Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561–1795)
    • New Courland (1637, 1639, 1642, 1654–1659, 1660–1666, 1680–1683, 1686–1690)
• Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772–1918, part of the Austrian Empire, later part of Austria-Hungary)
• Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815; part of First French Empire, personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony)
• Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory (1815–1846)
• Kingdom of Poland (1815–1832; personal union with the Russian Empire)
• Vistula Land (1867–1915; part of the Russian Empire)
• Grand Duchy of Posen (1815–1848; part of the Kingdom of Prussia)
• Grand Duchy of Kraków (1846–1918; part of Austria-Hungary)
• Polish National Government (1830–1831)
• Polish National Government (1846)
• Polish National Government (1863–1864)
• Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)
• Republic of Zakopane (1918)
• Republic of Tarnobrzeg (1918–1919)
• Komancza Republic (1918–1919)
• Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (1918–1920)
• Second Polish Republic (1918–1939)
  • Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922)
  • Free City of Danzig (1920–1939)
• Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920)
• Military Administration in Poland (1939)
• General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (1939–1945)
• Polish Underground State (1939–1945)
• Polish Committee of National Liberation (1944)
• Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945)
• Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947)
• Republic of Poland (1947–1952)
• Polish People's Republic (1952–1989)
• Polish National-Territorial Region (1990–1991)

• Kholodny Yar Republic (1919–1922)
• Zaporozhian Sich (1552–1775)
• Cossack Hetmanate (1649–1764)
• Ukrainian People's Republic (1917–1920)
• Ukrainian State (1918)
• West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918–1919)
• Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1991; sovereign until 1922)
• Makhnovshchina (1918–1921)
• Hutsul Republic (1919)
• Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
• Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
• Ukrainian National Government (1941)
• Donetsk People's Republic (2014–2022)
• Luhansk People's Republic (2014–2022)

• Principality of Theodoro (13th century–1475)
• Crimean Khanate (1449–1783)
• Crimean People's Republic (1917–1918)
• Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1941/1944–1945/1991–1992)
• Republic of Crimea (2014)

• Principality of Polotsk (10th century–1397)
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236–1795)
• Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
• Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940)
• Republic of Perloja (1918–1923)
• Republic of Central Lithuania (1920–1922)
• Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
• Belarusian People's Republic (1918–1919)
• Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1922)
• State of the Teutonic Order (1230–1525)
• Kingdom of Livonia (1570–1578)
• United Baltic Duchy (1918)
• Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918–1920)
• First Latvian Republic (1918–1940)
• Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
• Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917–1918)
• Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918–1919)
• First Estonian Republic (1918–1940)

• Dacian Kingdom (168 BC–106 AD)
• Țara Litua (1247–1330)
• Voievodeship of Gelu (9th–11th century)
• Voivodeship of Maramureș (9th century–1402)
• Jupanat of Dimitrie (c. 943)
• Voivodeship of Glad (10th century)
• Voivodeship of Menumorut (9th–11th century)
• Jupanat of Gheorghe (10th century)
• Jupanat of Tatos (c. 1190)
• Jupanat of Sacea (11th century)
• Jupanat of Setslav (c. 1085)
• Voivodship of Transylvania (12th century–1541)
• Banat of Severin (1228–1526)
• Voivodship of Seneslav (13th century)
• Cnezatul lui Ioan (13th century)
• Cnezatul lui Farcaș (13th century)
• Principality of Wallachia (1330–1859)
• Principality of Moldavia (1346–1859)
• Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
• Wallachian Eyalet (1595)
• Temeşvar Eyalet (1552–1716)
• Varat Eyalet (1660–1692)
• Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)
• Banat of Temeswar (1718–1778)
• Duchy of Bukovina (1849–1918)
• United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859–1881)
• Kingdom of Romania (1881–1947)
• Banat Republic (1918–1919)
• Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918)

• Novgorod Republic (1136–1478)
• Pskov Republic (1348–1510)
• Principality of Tver (1246–1483)
•  Principality of Beloozero (13th–15th century)
•  Principality of Yaroslavl (1218–1463)
• Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1097–1521)
• Principality of Great Perm (1323–1505)
  • Vyatka Land
• Golden Horde (1320–1547)
•  Astrakhan Khanate (1466–1556)
• Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552)
• Qasim Khanate (1452–1681)
• Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598)
• Kalmyk Khanate (1630–1771)
• Republic of Uhtua (1918–1920)
• Kuban People's Republic (1918–1920)
• Don Republic (1918–1920)
• Idel-Ural State (1 March 1918 – 28 March 1918)
• Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
• Green Ukraine (1920–1922)
•